Endocrine pathology
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Created by:
rjones6045 on October 16, 2010
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102 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Primary hypofunction of endocrine glands is defined as? | loss of secretory cells |
| Secondary hypofunction of endocrine glands is defined as? | loss of tropic hormone |
| Primary hyperfunction of endocrine glands is defined as? | proliferation of secretory cells |
| Secondary hyperfunction of endocrine glands is defined as? | excessive tropic hormone |
| TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH, and GH are all secretions of the _________. While oxytocin and vasopressin are secretions of the __________. | anterior pituitary; posterior pituitary |
| Pituitary cysts are most common in this breed of dog and must be __________. | german shepherd; lined by epithelium |
| What is caused by the failure of ectoderm in Rathke's pouch to fully differentiate into the adenohypophysis? | pituitary cysts |
| Pituitary cysts grow and compress the remaning ___________ causing little to no hormone production. | adenohypophysis |
| Reduced growth hormone is the most observed sequela of _______. | pituitary cysts |
| The most obvious gross clinical sign of pituitary cysts is? | severely compromised growth (think little german shepherd) |
| Bacteremia, sinusitis, extension of otits media, parasitic migrations and bull-rings in the noses of bulls can all cause ________. | inflammation of the pituitary |
| Bacteremia in very young animals is most often associated with ___________. | failure of passive transfer |
| Chromophobe adenomas are AKA? | tumor of pars distalis |
| Chromophobe adenomas most often cause an increase of _________; which is primary _______. | ACTH; cushings dz |
| Tumors of the pars distalis are more common in ______ while tumors of the pars intermedia are more common in _______. | dogs; horses |
| Too much ACTH causing excessive cortisol secretion is primary or 2ndary hypersecretion of the adrenal gland? | secondary; (primary hypersecretion of the adrenal gland is caused by some pathology of the adrenal gland itself) |
| Pituitary carcinomas in dogs are _____ but ______. | rare; infiltrative |
| A pituitary adenoma that is producing increased amounts of ACTH will cause __________ hypertrophy of the _______ glands; which is a clinical sign of this dz. | bilateral; adrenal; cushings |
| What is the most commonly diagnosed equine endocrinopathy? lay term? | pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction; cushings (not the same as dogs cushings) |
| Canine cushings causes too much _____ to be produced in the pars distalis while equine cushings causes too much ______ in the pars intermedia. | ACTH; POMC |
| PU/ PD, hyperthermia/sweating, increased appetite, muscle weakness, are all general signs of ________ compression. Generally associated w/ ________ dz in horses. | hypothalamic; cushings |
| Hirsutism in horses is pathognomonic for? | pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction |
| Regulation of the metabolic rate, growth and development, distribution of H20, salts, and colloids, as well as lipid and CHO metabolism are all achieved by the? | thyroid gland |
| Thyroglossal duct cysts can interfere w/ ______ and an transform into_______. | swallowing; neoplasia |
| What is the most common canine endocrinopahty? | HYPOthyroidism |
| What are the two pathogeneses to hypothyroidism? | idiopathic; immune mediated |
| Auto-immune distruction of the thyroid is more often seen in _______ dogs, while idiopathic loss is often seen in _______. | young; aged |
| Atherosclerosis is pathognomonic for _______ in dogs. | hypothyroidism |
| What pathology of the blood caused by hypothyroidism is the direct cause of atherosclerosis? | cholesterolemia |
| Which breed of dog is predisposed to auto-immune thyroid destruction? | beagles |
| 50% of dogs with immune mediated hypothyroidism have ______. | anti-thyroglobulin antibodies |
| Most of the time, destroyed thyroidal tissue is replaced by? | fat |
| Alopecia, hyperpigmentation, myxedema, and a pot-bellied apperance are all indicative of? | hypothyroidism |
| 100% of hair follicles in areas of alopecia on a hypothyroid dog are in what growth phase? | telogen |
| No inflammation, hyperkeratosis, atropy of sebacious glands, epidermal atrophy, myxedema and mild acanthosis are all skin lesions seen w/ what endocrine dz? | hypothyroidism |
| Enlarged and white coronary arteries as well as white distended mesenteric vessels can be thought to have _______, which is pathognomonic for _________. | atherosclerosis; hypothyroidism |
| T/F Angular limb deformities can be caused by hypothyroidism. | t |
| _________ is the anagram for diagnosing angular limb deformities. | M. (malpositiong in utero) E. (excessive joint laxity) T. (trauma) H. (hypothyoridism) O. (over nutrition) D. (defective endochondral ossification) |
| What is a non-neoplastic increase in thyroid size? What are the two mechanisms for its development? | goiter; primary lack of iodine in the diet; substances that inhibit iodine uptake by the thyroid gland |
| A goitrogen is a substance that ______. | inhibit iodine uptake by the thyroid gland |
| Goiter is most often seen in ______. | small ruminants |
| Why do animals with goiter die during birth? | hypertrophy of thyroid = increased size = increaed pressure in birth canal = death |
| T/F excess dietary iodine can cause goiter. | T |
| Perchlorate, periodate preservatives, nitrates in green oats, barley and water are all _______ goitrogens that cause______. | ion; goiter |
| Thiocynates. cyanides, white clover, canole, kale, and linseed meal can all cause _______. | goiter |
| High blood calcium prevents the reabsorption of excreted ________ and can cause goiter. | thyroxine |
| Almost all thyroid neoplasias are _______ and are common in ____. | adenocarcinomas; cats |
| Thyroid tumors that metastasized tend to form at the ________ and have a poor ______. | base of the heart; prognosis |
| T/F benign adenomatous hyperplasia of the thyroid vs. adenoma of the thyroid are hard to differentiate in cats and cause the same clinical signs. | T |
| In cats, adenomas of the thyroid tend to be _______ while hyperplasia is usually _______. | unilateral; bi-lateral |
| Thyroid adenocarcinomas are ______ ______ in cats. | very rare |
| T/F hyperthyroidism in cats can cause hypertrophic cardiac myopathy | T |
| Primary hyperparathyroidism in older animals is most often dute to? | neoplasia |
| Hyperparathyroidism can be defined by an? | excess of PTH or PTH-rp in the blood |
| What is pseudohyperparathyroidism? | when PTH-rp is being produced by neoplastic non-endocrine tissue in older animals |
| Prostate adenocarcinomas and lymphomas are the main source of ________ in pseudo _____. | PTH-rp; hyperparathyroidism |
| Activation of osteoclasts, excessive bone resorption, fibrous osteodystrophy, and mineralization in the kidneys, lungs, and gastric mucosa are all consequences of? | hyperparathyroidism |
| What is primary parahyperthyroidism? | inappropriate secretion of PTH by autonomously functioning chief cells of the thyroid. |
| 80-85% of all cases of hyperparathyroidism in dogs is a result of a? | solitary adenoma |
| Which breed is predisposed to hyperparathyroidism? | keeshond |
| Widespread tissue calcifation is often a sequela to hyperparathyroidism because excessive PTH causes an __________. | excessive increase of calcium in the blood |
| Hyperphosphatemia binds circulating Ca2+ causing a decrease in Ca2+ levels and a subsequent release of PTH, which can cause a ______ hyperparathyroidism because hyperphosphatemia is most often due to ______. | secondary/renal ; renal failure |
| Interstitial fibrosis of the kidney is the number one sign of? | kidney failure |
| Dogs and cats on a liver and bread diet as well as birds on a seed diet can develop this type of hyperparathyroidism. | secondary nutritional |
| A high _____ and low ______ diet can cause this type of hyperparathyroidism. | phosphorous; calcium; secondary nutritional |
| Carnivores ususally develop dietary hyperparathyroidism from inadequate dietary _______ while horses it is due to exessive _______. | calcium; phosphorus |
| Most horses with hyperparathyroidism develop lesions in the ________ known as ________, while dogs develop lesions in the _______ known as _____. | maxilla; big head/ bran dz; mandible; rubber jaw |
| Animals with fibrous osteodystrophy replace bone with? | fibrous tissue |
| Insufficient ________ in reptiles can cause hyperparathyroidism. | Vit. D. |
| Diabetes mellitus, cardiomyopathy, and renal failure are all on the top of the DD list for? | Acromegaly |
| hypertrophy of the costochondral junction in the ribs of swine is pathognomonic for? | vit d. dependant ricketts |
| Vit d. dependant ricketts is aka what type? | 1 |
| This type of vit. d. dependant rickets is characterized by target organ resistance to active vit. d3. | Type 2 |
| Simian bone dz in new world primates is what type of ricketts? | type 2 |
| Cestrum diurnum, solanum, and trisetum flaviscens can all cause hyper ______ and act as active _______ causing a toxicitiy and mineralization of soft tissues. | calcemia; vit D 3 |
| Anal sac apocrine gland adenocarcinomas produce large amounts of ________ and are NOT the ______ gland. | PTH-rp; peri-anal |
| Progressive loss of beta cells in the pancreas is AKA? | IDD, primary hypofunction |
| IRD is caused by? | antagonism of insulin by another hormone |
| Diestrus, hyperadrenocortisim, acromegaly, synthetic glucocorticoids, and synthetic progestagens can all be a prequel to what type of diabetes? | canine insulin resistant diabetes |
| Diabetes in cats is often associated with the build up of this protein in the islets of langerhans. | amyloid |
| Emaciation, acute necrohemorrhagic pancreatitis, hepatic lipidosis, cataracts, and emphysematous cystits are all signs of what dz? | diabetes mellitus |
| Insulinomas are common in _______ and rare in other spp. | ferrets |
| What is the most common clincal sign due to a functional insulinoma? | CNS due to hypoglycemia |
| 15% of the zona glomerulosa produces this _______, 70% of the fasiculata produces this _______, and 15% of the reticularis produces this_____. | aldosterone, glucocorticoids (cortisol), androsterone |
| Adrenal hemorrhage is often due to _______ . | hypoxia |
| Salmonella and actinobacillus equuli are suspects in hemorrhage of the ______. | adrenal gland |
| Primary adrenal cortical atrophy is _______ while secondary is a ________. | immune mediated destruction; loss of ACTH |
| The loss of the zona glomerulosa causes a decrease in _________ and causes this dz. | aldosterone (abnormal electrolytes); addisons |
| Addisons dz causes high serum_____ which results in _____and _____ dysfunction; as well as a low serum ______ causing hypovolemia. | K+; cardiac and skeletal muscle; Na+ |
| 80% of cushings dz in dogs is due to _____ while 15 % is due to _______, and 5% is due to ________. | pituitary neoplasia; adrenal cortical neoplasia; iatrogenic |
| Adrenal dependant cushings dz will have one ______ adrenal and one _______ adrenal while pituitary dependant cushings will have _______ adreal glands. | normal, hypertrophic; bilateral hypertrophic |
| Adrenal adenomas/carcinomas are the most common cause of what in ferrets? | alopecia |
| Prolonged hyper-estrogenism can result in ________ due to bone marrow supression. | anemia |
| Horses usually have ______ pheochromocytomas while cattle and dogs have ______, ______ and ______. | benign; adrenal cortical adenomas; adrenal cortical adenocarcinomas; and malignant pheochromoctyomas |
| Ferrets w/ abdominal masses = _______. | adrenal adenocarcinoma |
| In adrenal-assoc. endocrinopathy in ferrets _____ levels are generally normal and is why it is not cushings but rather elevated _______; and if it is caused by neoplasia it usually does not _______ and carries a good prognosis. | cortisol; estrogen; metastisize |
| Enlarged vulvas, bilateral symmetrical alopecia is almost pathognomonic for _______ in ferrets. | adrenal hyperplasia, adenoma, or carcinoma |
| A pheochromocytoma is a ______. | tumor of the adrenal medulla |
| A pheochromocytoma produces ____and _____. | epi, nor epi. |
| Pheochromocytomas are most common in? | dogs and cattle |
| Pheochromocytomas are frequently ______ and ______. | hemorrhagic and mineralized |
| IHC, k-dichromate, and Zenker's stains are all used to ID? | Pheochromocytomas |
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