ACCT 311 Chapter 5
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40 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 balance sheet | "the statement of financial position;" reports the assets, liabilities, and SE of a business entrprise at a specific date |
| liquidity | describes the amount of time that is expected to elapse until an asset is realized or otherwise converted into cash or until a liability has to be paid |
| solvency | refers to the ability of a company to pay its debts as they mature |
| financial flexibility | measures the ability of an enterprise to take effective actions to alter the amounts and timing of cash flows so it can respond to unexpected needs and opportunities |
| limitations of the balance sheet: | 1. most assets and liabilities are reported at historical cost 2. companies use judgments and estimates to determine many of the items reported in the balance sheet 3. the balance sheet necessarily omits many items that are of financial value but that a company cannot record objectively |
| classified | when balance sheets group together similar items to arrive at significant subtotals |
| companies should separately report: | 1. assets that differ in their type or expected function in the company's central operations or other activities 2. assets and liabilities with different implications for the company' financial flexibility 3. assets and liabilities with different general liquidity characteristics |
| assets | probable future economic benefits obtained or controlled by a particular entity as a result of past transactions or events |
| liabilities | probably future sacrifices of economic benefits arising from present obligations of a particular entity to transfer assets or provide services to other entities in the future as a result of past transactions or events |
| equity | residual interest in the assets of an entity that remains after deducting its liabilities |
| current assets | cash and other assets a company expects to convert into cash, sell, or consume either in one year or in the operating cycle, whichever is longer; presented in the balance sheet in order or liquidity |
| cash equivalents | short-term highly liquid investments that will mature within three months or less |
| held to maturity securities | debt securities that a company has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity |
| trading securities | debt and equity securities bought and held primarily for sale in the near term to generate income on short-term price differences; should be reported as current assets at fair value |
| available for sale securities | debt and equity securities not classified as held-to-maturity or trading securities; should be reported at fair value |
| long term investments: | 1. investments in securities, such as bonds, common, stock, or long-term notes 2. investments in tangible fixed assets not currently used in operations, such as land held for speculation 3. investments set aside in special funds such as a sinking fund, pension fund, or plant expansion fund; this includes the cash surrender value of life insurance 4. investments in nonconsolidated subsidiaries or affiliated companies |
| property, plant, and equipment | tangible long-lived assets used in the regular operations of the business |
| intangible assets | lack physical substance and are not financial instruments; goodwill, copyrights, franchises, patents, trade names, trademarks, and customer lists |
| current liabilities | the obligations that a company reasonable expects to liquidate either through the use of current assets or the creation of other current liabilities |
| working capital | the excess of total current assets over total current liabilities; represents the net amount of a company's relatively liquid resources |
| long term liabilities | obligations that a company does not reasonably expect to liquidate within the normal operating cycle |
| owners' equity: | 1. capital stock 2. additional paid in capital 3. retained earnings |
| capital stock | the par or stated value of the shares issued |
| additional paid in capital | the excess of amounts paid in over the par or stated value |
| retained earnings | the corporation's undistributed earnings |
| unappropriated retained earnings | the amount that is usually available for dividend distribution |
| restricted retained earnings | restricted by bond indentures or other loan agreements |
| contingencies | material events that have an uncertain outcome |
| accounting policies | explanations of the valuation methods used or the basic assumptions made concerning inventory valuations, depreciation methods, investments in subsidiaries, etc. |
| contractual situations | explanations of certain restrictions or covenants attached to specific assets or, more likely, to liabilities |
| fair values | disclosures of fair values, particularly for financial instruments |
| the statement of cash flows report: | 1. the cash effects of operations during a period 2. investing transactions 3. financing transactions 4. the net increase or decrease in cash during the period |
| operating activities | involve the cash effects of transactions that enter into the determination of net income |
| investing activities | include making and collecting loans and acquiring and disposing of investments (both debt and equity) and property, plant, and equipment |
| financing activities | involve liability and owners' equity items; include (a) obtaining resources from owners and providing them with a return on their investment, and (b) borrowing money from creditors and repaying the amounts borrowed |
| steps of preparing the statement of cash flows: | 1. determine the cash provided by or used in operating activities 2. determine the cash provided by or used in investing and financing activities 3. determine the change in cash during the period 4. reconcile the change in cash with the beginning and the ending cash balances |
| significant noncash activities: | 1. issuance of common stock to purchase assets 2. conversion of bonds into common stock 3. issuance of debt to purchase assets 4. exchanges of long-lived assets |
| current cash debt coverage ratio | indicates whether the company can pay off its current liabilities from its operations in a given year; = (net cash provided by operating activities) /(average current liabilities) |
| cash debt coverage ratio | provides information on financial flexibility, indicating a company's ability to repay its liabilities from net cash provided by operating activities; = (net cash provided by operating activities) /(average total liabilities) |
| free cash flow | the amount of discretionary cash flow a company has; = (net cash provided by operating activities) - (capital expenditures) - (dividends) |
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