Barrons Final Part 3
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fl1p1npr1d3 Plus on October 17, 2010
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56 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Law of Dominance | when two organisms, homozygous, for two opposing traits are crossed, the offspring will be hybrid (two different alleles) |
| Law of Segregation | during the formation of gametes, the two traits carried by each parent separate |
| Monohybrid Cross | -cross between two organisms that are each hybrid for a sigle trait -1:2:1 (25% homozygous dominant, 50% heterozygous, 25% homozygous recessive) |
| Testcross/Backcross | -way to determine whether an individual plant or animal showing the dominant trait is homozygous dominant or heterozygous -paired with homozygous recessive -if offspring are all dominant, then the parent is homozygous dominant -if atleast one offspring is recessive then parent cell is a hyybrid |
| Law of Independent Assortment | when a cross is carried out between two individuals that are hybrid for two traits on separate chromosomes |
| Dihybrid Cross | 9:3:3:1 |
| Incomplete Dominance | -characterized by blending |
| Codominance | -both trait shows -blood types |
| Sex-linked Genes | -traits carried on the X chromosome -sons cant inherit a sex-linked trait from the father b/c he inherits the Y chromosome -son has 50% chance of inheriting a sex-linked trait from a carrier mother -males cannot be carriers (they have it or they dont) |
| karyotype | -laboratory procedure that analyzes the size, shape, and number of chromosomes -22 pairs of autosomes -1 pair of sex chromosomes |
| gene mutations | caused by a change in the DNA sequence |
| nondisjunction | -error that sometimes happens during meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate -results in extra chromosome |
| aneuploidy,trisomy,polyploid | -aneuploidy-abnormal chromosome condition -trisomy-chromosome is present in triplicate -polyploid-organism with more than 3 sets of chromosomes |
| DNA Structure | -double-helix -Adenine connects with Thymine -Cytosine connects with Guanine -paired by hydrogen bonds |
| DNA Replication | -occurs during interphase -consits of one old and one new strand |
| Telomeres | -special nucleotide sequences at the ends of chromosomes that repeat thousands of times |
| DNA polymerase | -proofreads and catalyzes each new DNA strand |
| Structure of RNA | -single-stranded helix -Adenine bonds with Uracil -Cytosine bonds with Guanine -mRNA, tRNA,rRna |
| mRNA | -carries messages directly from DNA from nucleus to cytoplasm during making of the protein -triplets of nucleotides of mRNA are codons |
| tRNA | -carries amino acids to the mRNA at ribosome in order to form a polypeptide -triplets in tRNA are called anti codons |
| rRNA | -makes up the ribosome |
| Steps of Protein Synthesis | transcription,RNA processing, translation |
| Transcription | -process by which DNA makes RNA -facilitated by RNA polymerase -occurs in nucleus |
| RNA Processing | -enzymes removes introns (intervening sequences) from new RNA strand -exons (remaining sequences) are pieced back together to form final transcript -new RNA strand becomes shorter |
| Translation | -process by which the mRNA sequence is converted into an amino acid sequence -occurs at ribosome |
| Recombinant DNA | -taking DNA from two sources and combining them in one cell -genetic engineering |
| fossil record | reveals the existence of species that have become extinct or have evolved into other species |
| Homologous structures | different function, same internal bone structure |
| Analogous structures | same function, different internal bone structure |
| Vestigial structures | evidence that the anatomy of animals have evolved (appendix of humans) |
| Lamarck's theory | individual organisms change in response to their environment |
| Darwin's theory | -natural selection -survival of the fittest |
| Stabilizing Selection | eliminates the numbers of extremes and favors the more common intermediate forms |
| Disruptive/Diversifying Selection | increases the numbers of extremes while lowering numbers of intermediate forms |
| Variation in Populations | -mutation (change in genetic material) -genetic drift (change in gene pool) -gene flow (movement of alleles in or out of population) |
| Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium | -stable non-evolving population IF: -population is very large -population is isolated -mating must be random -no natural selection |
| species | population whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature |
| Polyploidy | type of mutation that results from errors during mutation |
| habitat isolation | two organisms live in the same area but encounter each other rarely |
| Behavioral isolation | two animals become isolated from each other because of behavior |
| Temporal Isolation | isolation because of time (mostly plants) |
| Reproductive Isolation | anatomical differences (size) |
| Divergent Evolution | population becomes isolated and splits into a new species |
| Convergent Evolution | unrelated species occupy same environment and show similar adaptations |
| Adaptive Radiation | emergence of numerous species from a single common ancestor introduced into an environment |
| Punctuated Equilibrium | new species appear suddenly after long periods of no change |
| heterotroph hypothesis | first cells on Earth were anaerobic heterotrophic prokaryotes |
| pathogens | organisms that cause disease |
| First Line of Defense | -skin -mucous membranes -cilia -stomach acid |
| Second Line of Defense | -inflammatory response -phagocytes -interferons |
| Third Line of Defense | -lymphocytes -antibodies |
| B lymphocytes | produce antibodies |
| T lymphocytes | fight pathogens by hand-to-hand combat |
| immunological memory | mechanism that prevents you from getting any specific viral infection |
| antibiotics | medicines that kill bacteria or fungi |
| vaccines | prevent viral infections |
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