1.
anatomical differences in the pelvis of a male and a female: 
2.
blood supply to a mature bone: 
3.
bone shapes: long bones - longer than around
flat bones - roof of skull, sternum, ribs
sutural bones - small, flat, irregular; between flat bones
irregular bones - complex
short - small, boxy, thick; transfer forces
sesamoid bones - small, flat; develop inside tendons; help relieve stress in tendons
4.
bone structure: 
5.
bone surface features: 
6.
calcification: deposition of calcium salts; occurs during ossification
7.
calcium phosphate: two-thirds of weight of bone; interacts with calcium hydroxide to form crystals of hydroxyapatite
8.
canaliculi: narrow passageways thru matrix; exchange of nutrients
9.
central canal: contains one or more blood vessels; carry blood to and from osteon
10.
circumferential lamellae: ...
11.
collagen fibers: stronger than steel when pulled; easily tolerate twisting and bending; weak at compression
12.
cortex: thin covering of compact bone (over spongy bone)
13.
diaphysis: shaft
14.
distribution of forces on a long bone: 
15.
endochondral ossification: hyaline cartilage gradually convert to bone; everything but skull and clavical
16.
endosteum: active during bone growth and repair
17.
epiphyseal line: former location of epiphyseal cartilage; detectable in x-rays
18.
epiphysis: end of bone; consists of spongey bone (also, cancellous, trabecular)
19.
functions of skeletal system: support - framework; everything hangs off the bones
storage of minerals and lipids - red marrow gets replaced by yellow marrow; calcium is most abundant mineral in human body
blood cell production - red marrow, which fills internal cavities of many bones
protection -
leverage -
20.
hormonal and nutritional effects on bone: vitamin C, A, K, B12;
thyroxine (produced by thyroid gland) and
growth hormone (produced by pituitary gland) stimulate bone growth
21.
intramembranous ossification: ...
22.
lamellae: layers of matrix
23.
matrix: -very dense
-contains osteocytes within pockets called lacunae
-calcium phosphate - 2/3 of weight of bone; interacts with calcium hydroxide to form crystals of hydroxyapatite
24.
medullary cavity: also, marrow cavity
central space surrounded by relatively solid, sturdy protective layer
found in compact bone
25.
metaphysis: narrow zone between epiphysis and diaphysis
26.
ossification: replacing other tissue with bone
endochondral ossification - everything but skull and clavical; most bones originate as hyaline cartilage which gradually convert to bone thru endochondral ~
intramembranous ossification - produce dermal bones; e.g. flat bones of skull, mandible, clavicle; occurs in deeper layer of dermis
27.
osteoblast: produce new bone matrix;
28.
osteoclast: remove and recycle bone matrix; fifty or more nuclei
29.
osteoclast-activating factor: chemical that increases both the number and activity of osteoclasts and produces severe osteoporosis
30.
osteocyte: mature bone cells; maintain bone matrix; live in lacunae; between lamellae of matrix; do not divide; help repair damaged bone
31.
osteocyte: mature bone cells; each occupies a lacuna; cannot divide; repair damaged bone; maintain protein and mineral content of matrix
32.
osteogenesis: -human bones grow until about age 25
-bone formation
-
33.
osteon: basic functional unit of mature compact bone; osteocytes arrange in layer around a central canal
34.
osteopenia: inadequate ossification; bones become thinner and weaker as a normal part of aging process
35.
osteoporosis: reduction in bone mass is sufficient to compromise normal function
36.
osteoprogenitor cell: mesenchymal cells; stem cells that divide and differentiate into osteoblasts
37.
perforating canals: extend perpendicular to the surface
supply blood to osteons deeper in bone and to tissues of medullary cavity
38.
perforating fibers: collagen fibers of the periosteum; attach tendons and ligaments
39.
periosteum: covers outer surfaces of bones; fibrous outer layer, cellular inner layer
-isolates bone from surrounding tissues
-provides a route for circulatory and nervous supply
-participates in bone growth and repair
40.
spongy bone: nutrients reach osteocytes by diffusion along canaliculi; no capillaries or venules; matrix forms trabeculae; ~ located where bones are not heavily stressed or where stresses arrive from many directions; reduces weight of skeleton
41.
steps in the repair of a fracture: 
42.
structure of compact bone: 
43.
structure of spongy bone: 
44.
the humerus: 
Head; medial and lateral condyles; medial and lateral epicondyles; trochlea; capitulum; deltoid tuberosity; olecranon process
45.
the orbital complex: 
46.
the periosteum and endosteum: 
47.
trabeculae: struts and plates in spongy bone; red bone marrow fill space between ~
