| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Cell Wall | in plant cells, a tough, rigid structure made up of cellulose which is outside of the cell membrane; provides physical support |
| Cell Membrane | The outer boundary of the cell. The cell membrane helps control what substances enter or exit the cell. |
| Mitochondria | Structures in human cells that turn nutrients into energy for the cells. Essentially, they are the cells' "power plants." |
| Chloroplast | an organelle present in algae and plant cells that contains chlorophyll and is involved in photosynthesis |
| Nucleus | a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction |
| Chromosomes | Thousands of genes are located on specialised structures called ________________. Every human cell contains 23 pairs of them. |
| Chromatin | Ribbon-like twists of DNA molecules in the nucleus of the interphase. |
| Centromere | The central portion of the chromosome to which the spindle fibers attach during mitotic and meiotic division |
| spindle fiber | microtubule found in the cell during mitosis, upon which chromsomes are moved. |
| Centrioles | two cylindrical structures located in the cell cytoplasm near to the nucleus and Golgi apparatus. They are associated with cell reproduction. |
| DNA | The material inside the nucleus of cells that carries genetic information. |
| Mitosis | The replication of a cell to form two daughter cells with identical sets of chromosomes |
| Meiosis | cell division by which eggs and sperm are produced. |
| Interphase | The period in the cell cycle when DNA is replicated in the nucleus; followed by mitosis. |
| Prophase | First stage of mitosis during which the chromosomes are condensed but not yet attached to a mitotic spindle. |
| Metaphase | A stage in mitosis or meiosis during which the chromosomes are aligned along the equatorial plane of the cell. |
| Anaphase | Stage of mitosis during which the two sets of chromosomes separate and move away from each other. |
| Telophase | Final stage of mitosis in which the two sets of separated chromosomes decondense and become enclosed by nuclear envelopes. |
| Cytokinesis | the division of the cytoplasm of a cell following division of the nucleus. |
| Homozygous | Having two identical alleles of a particular gene (eg GG, or TT). |
| homozygous | Having two identical alleles of a particular gene (eg GG, or TT). |
| dominant | _______ gene expresses its instructions. |
| Recessive | _________ gene is a gene that does not express its instructions when paired with a dominant gene. |
| Probability | In genetics, used to estimate the likelihood of gene distribution from one generation to the next. |
| Incomplete dominance | A gene action in which heterozygotes have a phenotype that is different from either homozygote, and is usually intermediate between them. |
| Codominance | The situation in which two different alleles for a trait are expressed unblended in the phenotype of heterozygous individuals. |
| sex linked trait | A trait that is determined by a gene found on the X chromosome. |
| Punnett Square | A method of showing the potential offspring of two parents. |
| Photosynthesis | The process by which plants convert water and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates, using sunlight as the source of energy and the aid of chlorophyll. |
| Respiration | The process in which an organism uses oxygen for its life processes and gives off carbon dioxide. |
| Physical properties | Any characteristics of a material that can be observed without changing the identity of the material itself. |
| Sublimation | The transition of a substance from the solid phase directly to the vapor phase, or vice versa, without passing through an intermediate liquid phase. |
| Melting | A change of state from a solid to a liquid. |
| Evaporation | A change of state from a liquid to a gas. |
| Condensation | The change of state of a gas to a liquid. |
| Vaporization | The process in which a substance changes from the liquid to the gaseous (vapor) state. |
| Freezing | the withdrawal of heat to change something from a liquid to a solid |
| Boiling | the application of heat to change something from a liquid to a gas |
| Solid | a state of matter with definite shape and volume, like ice |
| Liquid | a state of matter with definite volume but no definite shape, like water |
| Gas | a state of matter with no definite shape or volume, like air |
| Mixture | a substance composed of two or more components, each of which retain its own properties |
| Solution | A liquid mixture of dissolved substances; it is impossible to see all the separate parts. |
| Flammability | The ease with which a liquid, solid, or gas will ignite, either spontaneously (pyrophoric) or as the result of a spark or an open flame. |
| property | A characteristic that distinguishes one substance from another. |
| Elements | (pl.) any of the more than 100 known substances (of which 92 occur naturally) that cannot be separated into simpler substances and that singly or in combination constitute all matter |
| Molecules | Two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds. |
| Compound | a substance formed by chemical union of two or more elements or ingredients in definite proportion by weight |
| Law of Conservation of Mass | Matter is neither created nor destroyed during a chemical change. |
| Atoms | the smallest components of an element having the chemical properties of the element |
| Chemical Reaction | The process in which a substance is converted into a new substance with different properties. |
| Kinetic Molecular Theory | when heat is added to an object, the molecules that make up the object move faster and farther apart. |
| Temperature | a measure of how hot or cold something is. More specifically, a measure of how fast the molecules in an object are moving. |
| Heat | the energy that an object has because its molecules are moving. |
| Pupil | The opening in the iris of the eye that admits light. |
| Retina | the light-sensitive inner lining of the back of the eye. |
| Fovea | is the region of the retina with the highest concentration of special retinal nerve cells, called cones, that produce sharp, daytime vision. |
| Vitreous humor | The clear gelatinous substance that fills the eyeball between the retina and the lens. |
| Optic nerve | transmits electrical light impulses from the retina in the back of the eye to the brain. |
| Lens | The part of the eye between the iris and the vitreous humor, which helps to focus light rays entering the pupil on the retina. |
| Aqueous humor | the clear, watery fluid in the front of the eyeball. |
| Cornea | Transparent tissue covering the front of the eye that lets light travel through. |
| Iris | the flat colored part of the eye. It has tiny muscles that enlarge and reduce the size of the pupil |
| Sclera | The white part of the eye. |
| Tapetum | The highly reflective portion of the interior of the cat's eyeball that aids in night vision. |
| Photoreceptors | Sensors sensitive to light. |
| Blind spot | region of the retina that has no receptors where the optic nerve exits the eye. |
| Macula | highly sensitive part of the retina responsible for detailed central vision |
| Sensory Neuron | A neuron that delivers sensory information from the sensory organs to interneurons or motor neurons. |
| Motor Neurons | Neurons that carry impulses from the brain and spinal cord to the muscle receptors. |
| Cell Body | In nerve cells, the central portion from which axons and dendrites sprout; controls the life-sustaining functions of a nerve cell. |
| Cerebellum | a large structure consisting of two halves (hemispheres) located in the lower part of the brain; responsible for the coordination of movement and balance. |
| Cerebrum | Right and left hemispheres of the brain which contains the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes. |
| Brain stem | The part of the brain connecting the spinal cord with the hemispheres of the brain. |
| Neurons | The nerve cells of the brain that carry out neurological function. |
| Synapse | The junction between nerve cells where a nerve impulse is transferred from one neuron to another. |
| Dendrite | A branching process of a neuron that transmits impulses to the body of the neuron. |
| Axon | The long, hairlike extension of a nerve cell that carries a message to the next nerve cell. |
| CAT | ___ scan-----a method of examining body organs by scanning them with X rays and using a computer to construct a series of cross-sectional scans along a single axis |
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