Science Ch. 4-5 (Honors)
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Created by:
CourtneyReid on October 19, 2010
Subjects:
biology, biology vocab, chemistry
Description:
attained from the "Chemistry of Life" worksheet.
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67 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 ion | atom or molecule that has lost or gained one or more electrons |
| atom | simplest particle of an element |
| compound | a substance made of the joined atoms of two or more different elements |
| energy | the ability to do work |
| covalent bond | chemical bond in which electrons are shared |
| ionic bond | attraction between oppositely charged ions |
| element | substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means |
| solution | one substance evenly distributed in another |
| isotopes | are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons |
| metabolism | all the chemical reactions that take place in an organism |
| electron cloud | the three-dimensional region around a nucleus that indicates the probable location of an electron |
| atomic mass | is equal to the total number of an element's protons and neutrons |
| saturated solution | is one in which no more solute can dissolve |
| cohesion | is the attraction between molecules of a liquid that causes its surface to rise when in contact with a solid |
| acid | a compound that donates H+ ions to a solution |
| base | a compound that removes H+ ions from a solution |
| cohesion | attraction between molecules of the same substance |
| adhesion | an attraction between molecules of different substances |
| enzyme | specialized proteins that speed up chemical reactions (catalysts) |
| catalyst | substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction |
| energy | the ability to do work or cause change |
| activation energy | "start up" energy activates the reactants and triggers a chemical reaction |
| proton | a subatomic particle with a single unit of positive electrical charge (located in nucleus) |
| neutron | a subatomic particle with no electric charge (located in nucleus) |
| electron | a subatomic particle with a single unit of negative electrical charge |
| organic compound | compounds made primarily of carbon atoms |
| condensation reaction | the way monomers link together to form polymers |
| ATP | stores energy in its bonds |
| amino acids | building blocks of protein |
| functional group | cluster of atoms that influences the characteristics of a molecule |
| active site | place where a substrate fits into an enzyme |
| hydrolysis | process used to break down a polymer |
| nucleotides | building blocks of DNA |
| substrate | a substance on which an enzyme acts during a chemical reaction |
| carbohydrate | an organic compound with a ratio of one carbon atom to two hydrogen atoms to one oxygen atom |
| monosaccharide | glucose is a ------- that is a major source of energy in cells |
| lipid | is an organic compound that is not soluble in water |
| polypeptide | a long chain of amino acids |
| nucleic acids | subunits of DNA and RNA |
| DNA | a double helix that contains genetic information |
| peptide bond | A bond that links amino acids together in a protein |
| polypeptide | A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. |
| fat | a lipid consisting of a 3-carbon backbone called glycerol (the "head") attached to 3 fatty acid ("tails") |
| lipid | one of a class of water-avoiding compounds |
| active site | the place where a substrate fits into an enzyme |
| monosaccharide | a simple sugar that is the basic subunit of a carbohydrate (monomer) |
| disaccharide | A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis. |
| DNA | the double stranded molecule that contains the genetic code (Father Madison as opposed to Mrs. Davenport) |
| RNA | A single-stranded nucleic acid that passes along genetic messages (Mrs. Davenport as opposed to Father Madison) |
| ATP | (adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work |
| carbohydrate | organic compound made up of sugar molecules. used by cells to store and release energy; composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
| polar molecule | a molecule in which opposite ends have opposite electric charges. |
| hydrogen bond | the slightly negative oxygen end of one molecule attracts the slightly positive hydrogen ends of adjacent water molecules. |
| aqueous solution | the result of when water is the solvent |
| buffers | substances that cause a solution to resist changes in pH. |
| hydrocarbons | organic molecules that are composed of only carbon and hydrogen |
| dehydration reaction | when a monomer is added the polymer, a water molecule is released. |
| hydrolysis reaction | the process in which cells break bonds between monomers by adding water to them |
| starch | a polysaccharide found in plant cells that consists entirely of glucose monomers |
| glycogen | a polysaccharide in which animals store excess sugar |
| cellulose | a polysacchaide in plants that serve as building material |
| saturated fat | a fat in which all three fatty acid chains contain the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms |
| unsaturated fat | a fat that contains less than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms in one or more of its fatty acid chains because some of its carbon atoms are double-bonded to each other. |
| steroid | a lipid molecule in which the carbon skeleton forms four fused rings |
| protein | a polymer constructed from a set of just 20 kinds of monomers called amino acids |
| amino acid | a monomer that consists of a central carbon atom bonded to four partners . |
| denaturation | the process in which an unfavorable change in temperature, pH, or some other quality of the enviroment can cause a proteinto unravel and lose its normal shape |
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