| Term | Definition |
|---|
| 13th Amendment | banned slavery |
| 14th Amendment | citizenship |
| 15th Amendment | Can't be denied the right to vote based on race |
| Literacy Tests | a required test to be taken by African Americans in order to be elligable to vote |
| Poll Tax | a tax put on African American voters, hoping to disenfranchise them |
| Grandfather Clause | If your grandfather could vote before 1867, you did not have to take a literacy test |
| Freedmen's Bureau | Helped newly freed African Americans |
| Klu Klux Klan | Used terrorism and violence to intimidate blacks and other minorities. |
| Dorethea Dix | Mental Hospitals and Jails (2nd Great Awakening) |
| Horace Mann | Education movement (2nd Great Awakening) |
| Temperance | Against Alcohol |
| Abolition- Movement to end slavery | William Lloyd Garrison, Fredrick Douglas, Grimke Sisters, Harriet Tubman |
| Women's Rights Movement | Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, Sojourner Truth, Susan B. Anthony |
| Roots of Reform | 2nd Great Awakening, Declaration of Independence |
| Abraham Lincoln | 16th president; President during the Civil War; declared war because he wanted to preserve the union, when elected South seceded |
| Dred Scott | An 1858 Supreme Court case in which a slave sued for his freedom but the court ruled against Scott because he wasn't a U.S.citizen |
| John Brown | abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858) |
| Ulysses S. Grant | an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869–1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War. |
| Robert E. Lee | General of the Confederates (South) |
| Jefferson Davis | President of the Confederacy |
| Harriet Tubman | Conductor of the Underground railroad |
| Harriet Beecher Stowe | author of Uncle Tom's Cabin (showed the evil's of slavery, fugitive Slave law) |
| 1861-1865 | The period of the civil war |
| Important events in the civil war: | Fort Sumter, Battle of Bull Run, Gettysburg, Antietam, Appomattox Surrender |
| Civil War battles took place in: | the south (most battles in Virginia) |
| Important people of the civil war: | Abraham Lincoln, Jefferson Davis, McClellan, Grant, Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson |
| Popular Sovereignty | a principle of the U.S. Constitution that states that the people have the to create, alter, and abolish their government. In the mid-1800s, a term referring to the idea that each territory could decide for itself whether or not to allow slavery |
| Missouri Compromise | 1820 -- Missouri would enter the Union as a slave state and Maine would enter as a free state (states get admited my twos) |
| Bleeding Kansas | Term referring to bloodshed over popular sovereignty in a particular western territory |
| Kansas Nebraska Act | This Act set up Kansas and Nebraska as states. Each state would use popular sovereignty to decide what to do about slavery. People who were proslavery and antislavery moved to Kansas, but some antislavery settlers were against the Act. This began guerrilla warfare. |
| Uncle Tom's Cabin | novel about the evils of slavery and the injustice of the Fugitive Slave Law (by Harriet Beecher Stowe) |
| Sectionalism | loyalty to a state or region rather than the whole country |
| Compromise of 1850 | Forestalled the Civil War by instating the Fugitive Slave Act , banning slave trade in DC, admitting California as a free state, splitting up the Texas territory, and instating popular sovereignty in the Mexican Cession |
| Wilmot Proviso | Bill that would ban slavery in the territories acquired after the War with Mexico |
| Civil War | The war in the U.S. that occured between the North and the South |
| Confederacy | The government the southern states established after they seceded from the Union |
| Emancipate | To free |
| Fugitive | A person who is on the run from the law |
| Copperheads | Northeners who thought the South should be allowed to leave the Union |
| Habeus Corpus | The right to have charges filed or a hearing before being jailed |
| Conscription | A draft requiring men of a certain age to serve in the military |
| Total War | Strategy of the North towards the end of the civil war to devestate the South |
| Gettysburg Address | Speech by lincoln in which he restated the Northern goal in the Civil War |
| Emancipation Proclamation | Lincoln's 1863 declaration freeing slaves in the Confederacy |
| Licoln Douglas Debates | 1858, Abraham Licoln vs. Stephen Douglas for senator of Illinois |
| Suffrage | the right to vote |
| Whig | National republicans became whigs, Eastern vuisiness people and Southern Planters wanted the government is to spur the economy |
| Democrat | Andrew Jackson & supporters- Frontier farmers & factory workers in East |
| Caucus | private meetings where canidates are choosen |
| Nominating Convention | delegates from all the states choose the party's canidate for president |
| spoil's system | practice of rewarding supporters with government jobs |
| Kitchen Cabinet | Andrew Jackson's unofficial advisors, met in White House Kitchen |
| Tarriff of Abonimations | 1828 tax on imports HATED tax- South dislike, North like |
| Erie Canal | Reduced Travel time and cost of shipping dropped to 1/20 of what it was before the canal, linked the Great Lakes with the Hudson River |
| John C. Calhoun | the south, supported the war of 1812, did not want to strengthen the national government |
| Daniel Webster | the north, opposed war of 1812, wanted to strengthen the national government |
| Henry Clay | the west, supported war of 1812, wanted to strengthen the national government |
| Monroe Doctrine | 1823, foreign policy statement, U.S. would not interfere in Latin America |
| Industrial Revolution | change in the way goods were produced 1800s in U.S., origanally started in Great Britain |
| Capitalist | a person who invests in a buisness in order to make profit |
| Factory System | brought workers & machinery together in one place. Workers earned wages. |
| Interchangeable Parts | Eli Whitney- machine made parts would be alike-saves time and money |
| Turnpike | roads on which tolls were collected |
| Sectionalism | loyalty to one's state or are rather than the nation as a whole |
| Corduroy Road | road paved with logs |
| Clermont | began the age of steamboats |
| Urbanization | movement of the population from farms to cities |
| The war of 1812 causes | impression of American sailors and sezure of American Ships, England providing arms to Native Americans in the West, warhawks push for war, conflicts between the settlers and the Native Americans |
| The war of 1812 events | showdown at Tippecanoe, fighting at sea, Americans invade Canada, march in Washington(Washington burns), the Battle of Baltimore, Francis Scott key writes "the star bangled banner", Battle of New Orleans |
| The war of 1812 results | treaty of Ghent, status quo |
| Federalists | a party that wanted manufacturing, shipping, trade, wanted a strong federal government, a loose interpretation of the constitution, and were pro-British |
| Democratic-Republicans | a party that wanted agriculture, strong state government, strict interpretation of the constitution, pro-French |
| Lousiana Purchase | France, $15 million, doubled the size of the U.S. |
| Lewis & Clark | expedition to map & explore Lousiana purchase |
| Marbury vs. Madison | 1803, sumpreme court decision-judicial review |
| Free Market | prices are not regulated by the government |
| Judicial review | declaring a law unconstitutional |
| Laissez~Faire | "let alone"-government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs |
| Nullify | to cancel; to declare a law null and void |
| Sedition | stirring up rebellion against a government |
| Alien Act | A law that allowed the president to expel foreigners |
| Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions | declaration that states had the right to declare a law unconstitional |
| XYZ Affair | american anger over bribes demanded by french diplomats "millions for defense, but not a penny for tribute" |
| Who opposed Hamiliton's plan? | James Madison |
| What were the two main criticisms of his plan? | thought the plan would reward speculators, southern states had already paid off debt |
| How did Hamiliton defend his plan? | compromise-move nations capital to the south |
| Hamiliton's Financial Plan | assuming all state and national debts and issuing new bonds to refinance the total debt, adding an excise tax on luxuries, adding tariffs on imported goods, creating a national bank to handle government accounts and coin currency |
| Precedent | act/decision that sets an example for others to follow |
| Cabinet | group |
| National Debt | total sum of money a government owes |
| Protective Tariff | tax on imports meant to protect American industry |
| Whiskey Rebellion | farmers in PA revolted the whiskey tax, Washington sent miltia- test of strength for the new government |
| Precedents set by George Washington: | title, did not run for 3rd term, cabinet, and neutrality |
| Executive Branch | enforces laws, appoints judges, and vetos bills |
| Legislative Branch | makes laws, override vetos, and approve appointed judges |
| Judicial Branch | interpets laws, judicial reviews, and declare unconstitional |
| Power of National Government | coin money, raise army/navy, and declare war |
| Shared Powers | tax and borrow money |
| Powers of State Governments | education, voting, and driving requirements |
| The Great Compromise (problem) | How will representation in congress be determined? Small states wanted it to be equal and large states wanted it to be determined by population |
| The Great Compromise | a bicameral legislature was created. Representation in the house of Reps. is based on population and representation in the senate is equal |
| The 3/5s Compromise (problem) | How should slaves be counted to determine population? The Southern states wanted them to be counted and the Northern states did not |
| The 3/5s Compromise | Every five slaves would equal three persons in determining a state's population for taxation and representation |
| The Addition of the Bill of Rights (problem) | Federalists wanted to ratify the constition as it was, Anti-federalists feared that there was not enough individual protection in the constitution |
| The Addition of the Bill of Rights (compromise) | Anti-Federalist agreed to ratify the constitution if a Bill of Rights was added. The Bill of Rights was added in 1791 |
| What was the purpose of the Philadelphia Convention and what did it accomplish? | the origianl purpose was to revise the A.O.C.-the result created a new constitution, gave more power to the national government |
| Bill | a proposed law |
| Impeach | to officially accuse a public official of high crimes and misdemeanors |
| Bicameral | a two-house leguilature |
| Ratify | to officially approve |
| Veto | a presidential rejection of a bill |
| Confederation | a group of states or nations joined for a common purpose |
| Amend | to change |
| Precedent | an action that is used as an example for others to follow |
| Unconstitutional | not legal under the constitutional |
| Federalism | a system of government in which power is divided between the federal government and the state governments |
| Override | congress' ability to passa law that the presidenthas vetoed |
| Neutrality | policy of not choosing sides in a conflict |
| Shay's Rebellion | 2,000 famer uprising- sign that the A.O.C. was weak |
| Land Ordinance of 1785 | system for settling a Northwest territory |
| Northwest Ordiance | government for the Northwest territory |
| Electoral College | electors from a state to vote for the president or the vice president |
| Separation of Powers | powers of government are divided into 3 branches |
| Checks and Balances | each branch of government can check or control the others |
| Delegated Powers | powers given to the national government |
| Reserved Powers | powers set aside for the states |
| Concurrent Powers | powers for the national government and states |
| Judicial Review | power of the supreme court to declare a law unconstitutional |
| Republic | nation in which voters elect representatives |
| Separatopn of Church and State | Freedom of religion/no religion in government |
| Census | officail count of the pop. every 10 years |
| Marbury v. Madison | 1803, Supreme Court decision that established judicial review |
| The Slave Trade Compromise(problem) | those against slavery wanted the slave trade abolished. Most Southern states wanted to preserve it. |
| The Slave Trade Compromise | the importation of slaves would end in 1808 |
| Articles of Confederation | loose confederation of states, weak central government, more power to the states, ended the war, set up a frame of government, (no pwer to regulate trade tax, raise an army/navy make money) |
| Great Britian: | magna carta, 1215, English Bill of Rights, limited the power of the king |
| Limited Government | the constitution of the U.S. specufucally lists what the national government can and cannot do |
| Representative Government | people elect people to run the government |
| Separation of Power | power in the central government is divided into 3 branchess (legislative, executivem and judicial) |
| Albany Plan of Union | tried to unite the colonies(failed), A proposal for increased unity and cooperation among the colonies |
| Revolution slogan | no taxation without representation |
| Radicals & Tories | Radicals=patriots and loyalists=tories |
| French and Indian War took place in | the Ohio Valley |
| Britian felt | they had to tax the colonists to raise money after the French and Indian War |
| Navigation Acts(18th Century) purpose | forced colonists to ttrade with Britain |
| Navigation Acts Colonists Reaction | colonists engaged in smuggling and bribing colonial officials |
| Writs of Assistance(1760) purpose | gave British officials general warrants to search homes for smuggled goods |
| Writs of Assistance Colonists Reaction | Massachusetts colonists sent protests to London |
| Proclamation of 1763 purpose | Banned white settlers west of the Appalachian mts. for protection |
| Proclamation of 1763 Colonists Reaction | Colonists defied theorder and continued westward |
| Stamp Act(1765) purpose | placed taxes on legal documents ex. wills, diplomas, newspapers, cards, etc. |
| Stamp Act Colonists Reaction | mobs destroyed the houses of tax officials, riots, and threats |
| Quartering Act(1765) purpose | soldiers had no right to stay in colonists houses |
| Quartering Act(1765) Colonists Reaction | colonists wrote protests |
| Townshend Acts purpose | import tax on tea, lead, paint, and paper |
| Townshend Acts(1767) Colonists Reaction | colonists boycotted British goods |
| Intolerable Acts(1767) | punished colonists for Boston tea party |
| Intolerable Acts Colonists Reaction | colonists boycotted British goods |
| Thomas Paine | it is a common sense that the colonies shouldn't be ruled by a king |
| Declaration of Independence statement of Democratic principles | statement of Democratic principles influenced by John Locke, main ideas |
| The main ideas for the Declaration of Independence | all men have the right to life, liberty, and the pusuit of happiness, government gets its authority from the people, people have the right to revolt |
| Statement of Grievance for the Declaration of Independence | complaints directed toward King George III |
| Concluding Statement of the Declaration of Independence | declared the colonists' formal break with Great Britain |
| The Trearty of Paris, 1783 | British recognized the independence of the U.S., geographic boundaries, and the U.S. fishing rights in the Atlantic Ocean |
| British advatages | money and soldiers |
| Colonies advatages | knew the land and had a motive(independence) |
| Lexington and Concord | American Revolution 1st Battle |
| American Revolution last Battle | Yorktown, VA |
| Georgia | south, James Oglethrope, debtors |
| South Carolina | south, rice and indigo, north and south carolina divided |
| North Carolina | south, cash crop-tobacco, north and south carolina divided |
| Virginia | south, Jamestown, House of Burgess, tobacco |
| Pennsylvania | middle, William Penn, Quakers |
| New York | middle, Peter Stuyvestant, Dutch and British(patroons) |
| New Hampshire | new England, trade and fishing |
| Massachusetts | new England, John Winthrop, religious freedom |
| Rhode Island | new England, Anne Hutchinson, religious freedom |
| Connecticut | new England, religious freedom |
| New Jersey | middle, proprietary colony |
| Delaware | middle, broke away from Pennsylvania, trade |
| Maryland | south, Lord Baltimore, Catholics |
| Plymouth | pilgrims, separatists who wanted to separate from the church of England |
| Mayflower Compact | government for the pilgrim colony |
| Puritains | hoped to reform the church of England (Mass. Bay) |
| Imperialism | the domination of one country over another colonialism |
| Mercantilism | colonies exist to benefit the mother country |
| Crusades | series if holy wars Christians vs. Muslims |
| Constitution | document that sets out laws for a government |
| Northwest Passage | waterways through or around the Americas |
| Proprietary Colony | English colony where king gave land to proprietors for yearly payment |
| Racism | believing that one group is inferior because of their race |
| Import | goods coming into a country |
| Indentured Servants | men and women who entered inta a contract to work for seven years in exchange for passage to the colonies |
| Middle Passage | the longest leg of triangle trade, many Africans died in this portion of the trip |
| export | goods leaving a country |
| triangular trade | the colonial trade route between New England, Africa, and the West Indies in which rum, lumber, and slaves were traded |
| God, Gold, and Glory | exploration motive |
| primary sources | diary, journal |
| secondary sources | textbook, book written at a later time |
| Historians | study past human events to build accurate records of the past |
| Archaeology | archaeology study of evidence left by early people in order to find out about their way of life |
| Geography | study of the earth, including its people, region, movement, location, place, interaction |
| Political Science | Study of structure and activities of goverment for social order |
| Iroquois | finger lakes, matrilineal,longhouses, Iroquois league/confederacy, MOOCS, adapted to their enviroment |
| Algonquin | LI/east coast, patrilineal, wigwams, adapted to their enviroment |
| Iroquois and Algonquin shared characteristics | spirits in nature, no one owned the land, tribes, clans, sachems, wampums, and the three sisters (corn, beans, squash) |
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