Biology Chapter 3 Vocab
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41 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Cytoplasm | Cell interior that is surrounded by a wall made of carbohydrates and proteins and a membrane that is made largely of phospholipids |
| Transport Proteins | Special proteins that are embedded in the cell membrane |
| Selectively Permeable | Membranes that regulate the exchange of materials in a very specific way |
| Glycoprotein | Proteins that are embedded in membranes that have sugars attached to them |
| Glycolipid | Sugars that are attached to the heads of membrane lipids |
| Diffusion | The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration |
| Concentration Gradient | Is existent when there is a difference in concentration of molecules across a distance |
| Osmosis | A special form of diffusion; the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane |
| Turgor | The outward pressure of a cell against its cell wall |
| Passive Transport | Involves diffusion without any input of energy |
| Active Transport | Moves substances against their concentration gradients and thus requires energy |
| Facilitated Diffusion | The transport in which molecules move down their concentration gradient with the help of transport proteins in the membrane |
| Endocytosis | The process by which very large molecules are moved into a cell by a special active transport mechanism that requires energy |
| Exocytosis | The process by which very large molecules are moved out of a cell by a special active transport mechanism that requires energy |
| Alveoli | Air sacs in a lung |
| Cuticle | The waxy outer layer covering the surfaces of most land-dwelling plants, animals, and fungi |
| Stomates | The opening between two guard cells in the epidermis of a plant leaf through which gases are exchanged with the air |
| Transpiration | The loss of water to the atmosphere by a plant through the stomates in its leaves |
| Homeostasis | The tendency for an organism to maintain a relatively stable internal environment by regulating its metabolism and adjusting to its environment |
| Ammonia | A toxic nitrogen compound (NH3) excrete by some aquatic organisms; thought to have been present in Earth's early atmosphere |
| Nephrons | The functional unit of a kidney consisting of a glomerulus, its associated capsule, and tubule surrounded by capillaries |
| Kidney | An organ that regulates water and salt levels, filters water and wastes from the blood, and excretes the end products |
| Urinary System | A vertebrate organ system that regulates levels of water and dissolved substances in the body, excreting wastes as urine |
| Urine | The solution of wastes excreted from the kidney |
| Ureter | A muscular tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder |
| Urinary Bladder | An organ that stores urine before it is discharges from the body through the urethra |
| Urethra | The tube through which urine travels from the bladder to the outside of the body |
| Glomerular Capsule | The cup of a nephron, which filters blood; also called Bowman's capsule |
| Glomerulus | A ball of capillaries surrounded by a glomerular capsule in the nephron; the site of filtration in the kidneys |
| Aldosterone | A hormone secreted by the adrenal gland, helps regulate sodium and potassium concentrations and water balance |
| Feedback Regulation | The regulation of the activity of an enzyme by one of its products |
| ADH | A hormone released from the posterior lobe of the pituitary (an endocrine gland in the brain); enhances conservation of water by the kidneys |
| Filtration | Fluid from plasma passes into nephron, occurs in the glomerulus |
| Reabsorption | Molecules are reabsorbed into the capillaries, occur in the tubule of the nephron |
| Secretion | Molecules from blood are secreted unto nephron tubules, occurs as the filtrate moves through the tubule |
| Cell Membranes | Surrounds the cytoplasm, composed of two thin layers of phospholipids and proteins |
| Nitrogenous Waste | Excreted as urea, shows important evolutionary patterns |
| Adaptation | A characteristic that improves an organism's chance of surviving to reproduce |
| Urea | What nitrogenous wastes are excreted as |
| Uric Acid | Formed by in the body by the metabolism of protein and is excreted in the urine |
| Ion Balance | The correct balance of ions within cells |
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