Chapter 4
Order by
29 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Zygote | the fertilized human egg, contain 23 chromosomes from the father and 23 from the mother |
| germinal period | the period in prenatal development from conception to implantation of the fertilized egg in the wall of the uterus |
| embryonic period | the period of prenatal development lasting from implantation to the end of development |
| fetal period | the period in prenatal development lasting from the 9th week until birth |
| teratogens | environmental agents- such as disease organisms or drugs- that can potentially damage the developing embryo or fetus |
| menopause | the period during which a woman's menstrual cycle slows down and finally stops |
| dementia | physically based losses in mental functioning |
| longitudinal design | a research design in which the same people are studied or tested repeatedly over time |
| cross-sectional design | a research design in which people of different ages are compared at the same time |
| habituation | the decline in responsiveness to a stimulus that is repeatedly presented |
| assimilation | the process through which we fit- or assimilate- new experiences into existing schemata |
| accommodation | the process through which we change or modify existing schemata to accommodate new experiences |
| sensorimotor period | Piaget's first stage of cognitive development lasting from birth to about 2 years old, schemata revolve around sensory and motor abilities |
| object permanence | The ability to recognize that objects still exist when they're no longer in sight |
| Preoperational period | Piaget's second stage of cognitive development, lasting from ages 2-7; children begin to think symbolically but often lack the ability to perform mental operations such as conversation |
| principle of conservation | The ability to recognize that the physical properties of an object remain the same despite superficial changes in the objects appearance |
| egocentrism | the tendency to see the world from one's own unique perspective only; a characteristic of thinking in preoperational period of development |
| concrete operational period | Piaget's third stage of development. lasting from 7-11. Children acquire the capacity to perform a number of mental operations but still lact the ability for abstract reasoning |
| formal operational period | Piget's last stage of cognitive development; thought processes become adultlike and people gain mastery over abstract thinking |
| morality | the ability to distinguish between apporopriate and inappropriate actions |
| Preconventional level | in Kohlberg's theory, the lowest level of moral development, in which decisions about right and wrong are made primarily in terms of external consequences |
| conventional level | in Kohlberg's theory of moral development, the stage in which actions are judged to be right or wrong are made primarily in terms of external consequences |
| Conventional level | The stage in which actions are judged to be right or wrong based on whether they maintain or disrupt the social order |
| postconverstaional level | the stage in which moral actions are judged on basis of a personal code of ethics that is general and abstract and that may not agree with societal norms |
| attachments | strong emotional ties formed to one or more intimate companions |
| temperments | A child's general level of emotional reactivity |
| Strange situation test | Gradually subjecting a child to a stressful situation and observing his or her behavior toward the parent or the caregiver- used to classify children according to type of attachment - secure, resistant, avoidant, or disorganized/ disoriented |
| personal identity | A sense of who is an individual and how one measures up against peers |
| gender roles | specific patterns of behavior that are consistent with how society dictates males and females should act |
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