Genetics: Science Final Exam Pt.2
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64 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 What do we mean by phenotype | It describes physical appearance. It is traits that are seen |
| What do the genes do | Carry the traits you inherited from your parents, make you who you are, and found on the chromosomes |
| What are alleles | different forms of a gene |
| What are some examples of alleles | Gene: eye color Allele: brown, blue, green |
| What do we mean by the word genotype | It is the genetic makeup (genes). |
| What are the two ways to write a genotype | Homozygous and Heterozygous |
| What is it meant by homozygous | same alleles (BB or bb) |
| What is it meant by heterozygous | different alleles (Bb) |
| What is the function of punnett squares | Tool used to predict the outcome of a cross |
| EXAMPLE OF PUNNETT SQUARE: Dad has brown hair, mom has blonde hair, and dad is heterozygous. What are the possible genotypes and phenotypes of their offspring | Phenotype: 50% Brown and 50% Blonde...Genotype: 50% Bb and 50% bb |
| Who is Gregor Mendel | Father of modern genetics |
| What did Gregor Mendel study | Pea plants |
| What is it meant by law of dominance | Dominant trait always shows up when present |
| What is it meant by law of segregation | Chromosomes separate |
| What is it meant by law of independent assortment | chromosomes separate randomly |
| What is meiosis | Process of making sex cells |
| What are the two sex cells | Sperm (XY) and egg (XX) |
| What is the total number of chromosomes do the sex cells contain | .5 or 1/2 |
| Sex cells = | n (haploid) |
| Body cells = | 2n (diploid) |
| How many stages is meiosis composed of | 2 |
| What are the stages in meiosis | meiosis I and meiosis II (mitosis) |
| What are the differences between mitosis and meiosis | Mitosis: 2 cells, diploid, 2n ---> 2n, body cells, one stage, and no tetrads. MEIOSIS: 4 cells, haploid, 2n ---> n, sex cells, 2 stages, and tetrads |
| What is it meant by polygenic traits | Controlled by many genes |
| What are examples of polygenic traits | Eye color, skin color, and hair color |
| What is it meant by enviornmental factors | Have an impact on gene expression |
| What are some examples of enviornmental factors | skin color, hair color, height, and weight |
| Males are... | (XY) Heterozygous |
| Females are... | (XX) Heterozygous |
| What are sex linked traits | Traits found on the sex chromosomes |
| How many autosomes (body chromosomes) does normal person have | 44 (22 pairs) |
| How many sex chromosomes does a normal person have | 2 (1 pair) |
| Where are sex-linked traits usually found | On the X chromosom |
| What are some examples of sex-linked traits | Hemophilia, Duchennes Muscular Dystrophy, Male Pattern Baldness, and Color Blindness |
| What does the word carrier mean | A person who has the trait but does not show it |
| What is multiple alleles | 3 or more alleles for a trait |
| What is an example of multiple alleles | Blood type |
| What are the blood types | O, A, B, & AB |
| What blood type is the universal donor | O |
| What blood type is the universal recipient | AB |
| Where was hemophilia originally found | In the royal family |
| What chromosome is hemophilia found on | X chromosome |
| What is hemophilia | It is a sex linked trait that affects males |
| What does hemophilia fail to do | Blood clotting |
| What race does sickle cell anemia mainly affect | African Americans |
| What is the hemoglobin unable to do when affect with sickle cell anemia | Carry oxygen |
| In sickle cell anemia, what is the shape of the red blood cells | Sickle |
| What happens when someone has cystic fibrosis | Lungs fill with thick mucus |
| What is the most common form of mental retardation | Down Syndrome |
| When a person has down syndrome what extra chromosome do they have | 21st |
| What is amniocentesis | It is a test for mutation by removing amniotic fluid |
| What is a carrier type | Picture of your chromosome |
| What is a mutation | A change in dna |
| Where is dna found | In the nucleus of a cell |
| What does dna stand for | Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid |
| What is dna | The code that carries the organisms traits |
| Who identified the shape of dna | Watson and Crick |
| What is the shape of dna | Double helix (spiral staircase) |
| How many sides does a dna strand have | 2 |
| How many parts us dna composed of | 3 |
| What are the 3 parts | Sugar group, Phosphate group, and Nitrogenous bases |
| Sugar group, Phosphate group, and Nitrogenous bases are the __ of DNA | DNA |
| What are the base pairing rules | Adenie (a)-Thymne (t) and Cytosine (c)-Guanie (g) |
| What is the complementary DNA strand of CGTAATCGG | GCATTAGCC |
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