1.
Carotene: ocarotenoid present in plants
oA precursor that is later converted to vitamin A
oYellow, orange and green vegetables (the deeper the color, the more vitamin A)
2.
Deficiency of Vitamin K: oCommon among people with intestinal disease (deficient in K2)
1.Hemorrhaging
2.Can result in low bone mass and hip fracture
oNew born infants- they have a sterile gut. They are given a single dose of vitamin K to prevent hemorrhaging
3.
Describe Fate Soluble Vitamins: 1.Soluble in fat
2.Stable in heat
3.No nitrogen
4.Absorbed in the small intestine
5.Require bile for absorption
6.Transported via the lymphatic system
7.Stored in the liver and other fatty tissues
8. Toxicity can easily occur—not readily excreted
4.
Fat Soluble Vitamins: A,D,E,K
5.
Free Radical: oUnstable oxygen with an unpaired electron
oProduced by all cells that use oxygen
oAssociated with
oProduction of cancer cells
oEffects of aging
oReducing free radicals reduces the risk of cancer
6.
Function of Vitamin E: 1.Protects lipids in cell membranes from oxidation
2.Protects vitamin A, C and unsaturated fatty acids from oxidation
3.Prevents hemolysis of red blood cells
4.Improves immune response
5.Inhibits conversion of nitrites (cured foods) to cancer- causing nitrosamines (nitrites + free radicals = nitrosamines)
7.
Function of Vitamin K: 1.Catalyst for synthesis of blood-clotting factors
oEx: prothrombin (Coumadin and warkarin are vitamin K antagonist)
2.Bind calcium
3.May be involved in bone mineralization
8.
Functions of Vitamin A: 1.Soft tissue and bone growth
2.Development of teeth - involved with normal tooth spacing
3.Aids in formation of ameloblasts and odontoblasts
4.Prevention of night blindness—needed to form rhodopsin (visual pigment)
5.Maintains epithelial cells and mucous membranes
6.Development and maintenance of salivary glands
7.Antioxidant
oPrevents cell membrane damage
oScavenger free radical
9.
Functions of Vitamin D: 1.Mineralization of bones and teeth (calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D)
2.Regulation of blood calcium and phosphorus
3.Aids in muscle, heart and nerve function via regulation of calcium and phosphorus
10.
people taking anticoagulants should be advised not to take mega doses of: 1. vitamin E
2. vitamin K
11.
retinol: opreferred form of vitamin A
oFrom animal sources
oMeat, liver, eggs, dairy products, fortified cereals and grains
12.
Source of Vitamin D: o90% comes from sunlight
o10% comes from food
oFortified milk, fortified cereals, fish oils
13.
Sources of Vitamin E: oVegetable oils
oWheat germ, nuts, seeds
oGreen leafy vegetables
oApple, peaches
oWhole grains or fortified cereals
14.
Sources of Vitamin K: oK1—green leafy vegetables (broccoli, spinach)
oK2—produced by microflora in the gut
-About ½ of the body's requirements
-Present in meat and dairy products
oK3—synthetic supplements, 2-3 more potent than natural vitamins
15.
Toxicity of Vitamin A: 1.Birth defects including abnormalities of face, jaw and mouth
2.Damages cell membranes- esp. RBC's
3.Hypercarotenemia—excess of beta-carotene, temporary orange pigmentation of skin and soft tissues (palms of hands, soft palate, gingiva)
oNon toxic
16.
Toxicity of Vitamin D: -Kidney stones
-kidney damage
-nausea
-vomiting
17.
Toxicity of Vitamin E: oRare
oCan interfere with blood clotting and anticoagulation medicine (Coumadin, warfarin)
18.
Toxicity Vitamin K: 1.Interfere with anticoagulant drug
2.Hemolysis of red blood cells
19.
Vitamin A: retinol and Carotene
20.
Vitamin A Deficiency: 1.Blindness- degeneration of epithelial cells in the eyes
2.Xeroderma- dry, scaly skin
3.Enamel Hypoplasia and defective dentin formation
4.Impaired wound healing
5.Xerostomia
21.
Vitamin D: oMore properly classified as a hormone
oMade by the body
oIf adequate amounts of sunlight are available, vitamin D may not be necessary in the diet
22.
Vitamin D - Calciferol: oBoth D2 and D3 are further processed in the liver to the active form—calciferol
oErgocalciferol (D2)- from food
oCholecalciferol (D3)
oMade when 7 dehydrocholesterol in the skin is activated by sunlight (10 min of sunlight a day is sufficient)
23.
Vitamin E: Tocopherol
o8 different compounds
o4 trocopherol and 4 tocotrienols
oAlpha-tocopherol is the most active form
24.
Vitamin E Deficiency: oVery rarely seen
oPremature infants
oFat malabsorption syndrome
oHemolysis of red blood cells
25.
Vitamin K: -Quinone
-"coagulation vitamin"
3 compounds : K1, K2, K3
26.
Vitamins D Deficiency: 1.Rickets- children, bending of bones, bows legs
2.Osteomalacia- adults, decreased bone mineralization or softening of bones
3.Osteoporosis- can lead to hip fractures
4.Delayed dentition, small molars, enamel Hypoplasia
27.
What is the most important fat-soluble vitamin?: Vitamin E
28.
What percent of people have Vitamin D deficiency?: 42% of adolescents
-Increased use of sun block
-Substitution of soda/sports drinks for milk
