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Johannes Gutenberg first movable-type printing press John Harrison perfected the chronometer/determined longitude Prince Henry the Navigator founded a navigation school Ottoman Turks sacked Constantinople (Istanbul) Bartholomeu Dias sailed around the Cape of Good Hope Christopher Columbus Sails westward for Spain; after the Reconquista, Landed on "San Salvador", miscalculated the circumference at around 18,750 miles The Pope Set up the Treaty of Tordesillas, which divided the globe between Portugal (east) and Spain (West) Vasco da Gama Direct route to India (greatest seafaring feat of the time) Amerigo Vespucci cartographer aboard an expedition to Brazil, Convinced the land "discovered" was a New World - Mundus Novus, Names the new land "America Ferdinand Magellan Sailed past southernmost point of S. Am. (Strait of *last name*), Expedition was 1st to circumnavigate the globe, 5 ships and 280 men Hernan Cortes destroys Aztec capital city (Tenochtitlán) Francisco Pizarro studied conquerer of Aztecs, seizes Inca Empire (Peru) for Spain Ferdinand & Isabella unite Catholic lands, start Reconquista to drive Moors out, which hurts Spain financially John Wyclif promoted Bible-focused theology; wanted separation of Church & state; "Lollards" were persecuted (1300s); translates Bible into English (from Latin) Desidarius Erasmus The Praise of Folly (1511); criticized Catholic church; too ceremonial, lacking in spirituality Thomas More Utopia (1516; "nowhere"); "perfect" society; property divided equally; no greed Martin Luther The Unwitting Revolutionary, created 95 theses, faith is key to salvation, banished at Diet of Worms, prints Bible in German, against peasant revolt Charles V Banished person opposed to Church at Diet of Worms Johann Tetzel Sold indulgences, main person person against selling indulgences opposed Henry VIII forms Anglican Church after being denied annulment, supreme head of the Church of England, grants land to nobles as a bribe, remained true to most Catholic teachings, married 6 times Huldrych Zwingli Spread reformation outside borders of the Holy Roman Empire, Rejected anything not literally in the Bible John Calvin Concluded faith was a gift from God (pre-destination) - God saved only the elect, Faith & virtue = results of salvation (≠ causes), Catholic Church = evil; should be destroyed, Puritanical - pure, simple services & churches Ignatius de Loyola Founder of the Jesuits, stressed good deeds, spread Christianity around the globe Philip II Inherits Habsburg lands, neglected expanding farming & industries ... very high inflation ruins economy over time Elizabeth I English, supports Dutch (defensive - Spain may have attacked if they won), involved in major event in the water Huguenot French Calvinist Henry IV inherits throne; converts to Catholicism ... "Paris is worth a Mass", creates Edict of Nantes, which creates freedom of religion; full civil rights; fortify cities Oda Nobunaga Sought to unite Japan, Equips army with guns, captures Kyoto, eventually controlled ½ of Japan;defeated Toyotomi Hideyoshi Military genius, Wins allegiance of daimyo, National survey - taxes, Expels missionaries,"Sword Hunt", Attempts to conquer Korea Tokugawa Ieyasu Becomes shogun by force (can't become emperor because its a holy position, but gives shogun more power), forced daimyo to swear loyalty, created Great Peace of *First Name*, which prevents daimyo revolt Robert Clive established military and political supremacy of the Br. East India Co. throughout India Shah Abbas I height of Safavid power; expanded lands, made several reforms, forced Shi'ah Islam on people Nadir Shah military leader; deposes the last Safavid emperor, sacks Dehli, sends Mughal Empire into disarray Muhammad ibn abd-al Wahhab created Wahhabism, which was a strict Sunni branch of Islam that said Allah alone should be worshipped Suleyman the Magnificent height of Ottoman power, defeated at Vienna Sultan Selim III created the Ottoman westernization King Afonso I leader of Kongo kingdom, converts to Catholocism, allies with the Dutch before being defeated by the Portuguese Njinga first female leader of Ndongo (Angola), males dressed up as women under her, allies with the Dutch before being defeated by the Portuguese