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What is the slowest way to get the drug into your body *Oral Oral Administration: *Swallowing or consuming in eating or drinking *Advantages: slow absorption time, possibility of rejecting poison *Disadvantages: slow absorption, no immediate effect Intravenous Injection: *needle into VEIN Intramuscular Injection: *needle into MUSCLE Subcutaneous Injection: *needle underneath the SKIN Inhalation: *SMOKING *Vaporous Inhalation Absorption: *drug against the skin *placing drug under the tongue How Drugs Exit the Body 1/5 *Urine How Drugs Exit the Body 2/5 *Feces How Drugs Exit the Body 3/5 *Breath How Drugs Exit the Body 4/5 *Sweat How Drugs Exit the Body 5/5 *Saliva Elimination Half-life: *The length of time it takes for a drug to be reduced to 50 % of its equilibrium level Fat soluble / water soluble *If chemical or drug is the 1st one then it is stored in the body's fat and takes longer to get out of body, if it's the second then it can be cleared out of the body by water the person drinks. Factors affecting elimination 1/5 *Time Factors affecting elimination 2/5 *Drug combinations (addictive versus antagonistic) Factors affecting elimination 3/5 *Gender Factors affecting elimination 4/5 *Race/Ethnicity Factors affecting elimination 5/5 *Weight Neurotransmitter: *A chemical substance that a neuron uses to communicate information at the synapse (The meeting point between neurons) Neurotransmitter 1/6 *Acetylcholine Acetylcholine: *An active in the parasympathetic autonomic nervous system Neurotransmitter 2/6 *Norepinephrine Norepinephrine *An active in the sympathetic autonomic nervous system and in many regions of the brain Neurotransmitter 3/6 *Dopamine Dopamine: *In the brain who's activity is related to emotions and motor control Neurotransmitter 4/6 *Serotonin Serotonin: *Int eh brain who's activity is related to emotions and sleep patterns Neurotransmitter 5/6 *Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) *An inhibitory in the brain, it helps for you not to be anxious Neurotransmitter 6/6 *Endorphins Endorphins: *A group of chemicals substances produced in the brain and body, that copy the effects of morphine and other opiate drugs Lethal Dose (LD) *The smallest dose of a certain drug able of producing death in a giving % of the population Effective Dose (ED) *The smallest dose of a certain drug necessarily to produce the wanted drug effect in a giving % of the population LD/ED Ratio 1/4 *Under 10- the most dangerous Ex: Heroin 3,5 Alcohol 6,10 LD/ED Ratio 2/4 *10-20 Ex: Extasis LD/ED Ratio 3/4 *20-100 LD/ED Ratio 4/4 *100 and over Ex: LSD Mushrooms Marijuana (No one has ever die from over dose of mary jane) Physical Dependance (Pharmacology): *A model of drug dependance based on the idea that the drug user continues the drug taking behavior the PHYSICAL withdrawal symptoms Psychological Dependance (Pharmacology): *A model of drug dependance based on the idea that the drug user is motivated by a craving for a pleasurable effects of the drug Tolerance (Pharmacology): *The ability of a drug to produce a gradually lowered effect, if you take a lot of that drug Cross Tolerance (Pharmacology): *What happens when the tolerance that results from the large use of one drug, creates a tolerance effect with regard to a second drug that has not been use before Synergism (Pharmacology): *The part of a drug interaction when the combination of the 2 gets higher than the effect of just one of them Antagonism (Pharmacology): *When you combine 2 drugs and the effect of the two drugs get weaker Compulsion Addiction): *Behavioral rituals that are perform to prevent or get rid off obsessive thoughts of wanted to do a drug Control (Addiction): *That you can't stop Consequences (Addiction): *Something not good for your body Hallucinogens: *Distort perception and alter sense of reality LSD: *Synthetically derived from a fungus found in mold called ergot Albert Hoffman: *He made LSD in 1943 1950's LSD *Police CIA use experiment with LSD on prisoners 1960's LSD *Timothy Leary: Harvard professor, died in 1996 Physical effects of LDS: *Increased heart rate *Flushed face *Chilliness *Increased body temp. *Increased blood sugar *Salivating *Sweating *Lasts 5-12 hours Psychological effects of LSD: *Multilevel reality *Exaggerated appearance *Timelessness *Perceived separation of mind and body Mor effects of LSD: *For some people is a terrifying experience *For other people, is a path to important insights LSD- *Is not likely to produce dependency *Low acute toxicity (high LD/ED ratio, which means that you cannot die of an over dose 100 or over) *Chronic Toxicity *Flashbacks Mushrooms: *Psilocybin is the most common *Amanita muscaria (the red ones) toxic!!! Other Hallucinogens: *Peyote *PCP/angel dust (most likely to harm yourself or someone else) *Ecstasy (synthetic with hallucinogenic properties) Ecstasy: *Pill form *Hallucinogenic stimulant *Known as the "hug drug" *Stimulates serotonin *Promotes sense of peacefulness Excstacy: *Acute effects *High temperature causes kidney failure *Heart attack *Stroke *LD/ED in 10-20 ratio Marijuana- Male and Female Plants *Male Plants produce HEMP *Female Plants produce THC Types of Marijuana: *Regular *mid-grade *Hashish *Purple *Hydro *wet/Fry Breeding and Cultivation of Marijuana- *Sinsemilla (without seed-female flowers) *Seed banks, cloning, lighting techniques, etc.. (indoor cultivation to avoid detection) *Stronger POT History of Marijuana- *Marijuana grows naturally and has beed used for thousands of years, some people estimate 10,000 years. *It is often use for religious/spiritual. Ex: Hindu/Jews/Christians Current use of Marijuana- *It is the most commonly used illegal drug *41% age 12 and over have tried it *6% used the past month *17% od users have used cocaine/ 83% HAVE NOT *2% have used heroin/ 98% HAVE NOT Cognitive Effects of Marijuana- *Euphoria, feelings of well-being *Distorted sense of time *Sense of novelty *INcrease sensation *Relaxation *Paranoia *Loss of coordination Physiological Effect of Marijuana- *Decrease blood pressure while standing/Increase while sitting *Head rush *Reddening of eyes *Increase appetite *Dry mouth Toxicity of Marijuana- *Acute- impossible to overdose *LD/ED ratio estimated at 20,000-40,000 Chronic Effects of Marijuana- *Three times the carbon monoxide *harder on bronchial than cigarettes *Vaporizers are healthier (it reduces or eliminates the tar) *People who SMOKE Marijuana do not have a higher risk of cancer!! Chronic Effects/Controversy of Marijuana- *Reduces testosteron in males/ Damages eggs in females *Cancer *Cause Schizophrenia *A motivational Syndrome Dependence of Marijuana- *Limited physical dependence *Psychological addiction *Addiction rates are lower than for alcohol, heroin, cigarettes Medical Marijuana Debate- *Used for asthma *14 states and DC allow prescription *Complicates law enforcement efforts *Marijuana has Toxic chemicals Alcohol different forms- *1 shot of whiskey is = 5oz. glass of wine/ 12oz. beer Blood Alcohol Concentration (hoe much alcohol is in the body)- *.08 or higher it's illegal. After every 40 min subtract .01 Driving Under the Influence (DUI)- *When a person blood alcohol exceeds the limit. *41% of al fatal crashes *85% of crashes involving teens Alcohol and Crime- *50-60% of all murders *60-70% of domestic violence *60% of child molesting *People with higher testosterone tent to be more aggressive when they drink Trends in use of Alcohol- *In 1800s average American had five drinks a day *Now average is 1 drink a day a) 30%-none b) 50%-one c) 10%-two d) 10%-six Alcohol Prevalence-Adults- *90% ever drank *60% currently drink *40% temporarily problems *10-20% abuse of alcohol *3-10% alcohol dependance Alcoholism Naturally History- *First drink- age 13 *First drunk- age 15 *First problem- age 18 *First Dependance- age 25-40 *Death- age 60 years (less than 15 years that a non-alcoholic) Short-term effects of Alcohol 1/4 *Brain central nervous system decision-making memory concentration Short-term effects of Alcohol 2/4 *Heart high blood pressure fast/abnormal heart rate Short-term effects of Alcohol 3/4 *Kidneys Short-term effects of Alcohol 4/4 *Stomach Acute Toxicity of Alcohol- *LD/ED: 6-10 Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) of .05 is lethal Long-term effects of Alcohol- *Brain damage decrease in brain size destroy brain skills Binge Drinking and the Brain- *It affects mental functioning latter in life, especially in women. *most damaging for youth Drinking during pregnancy- *no safe level *first trimester is highest risk *fetal alcohol syndrome *Attention Deficit Hyperactivity (ADH) Alcoholism- *continued excessive or compulsive use of alcoholic drinks Alcohol Withdrawal- *Begin at 8+hours *Peaks at 2 days *Diminish day 15 *Disappear 3-6 months can be fatal (DTs) Modration of Alcohol is the Key- *1-2 drinks is the key *Moderate drinkers live longer than heavy and abstainers Cigarettes- *Contain 4000 chemicals *43 chemicals are proven to be carcinogens Health Risks of Smoking- *Heart risk doubles *Quadruples for heavy smokers *90% of long cancer is due to smoking *25% survival *Risk of other cancers Second Hand Smoke is Dangerous- *3/4 of the nicotine ends in the room *non-smokers who live with smokers have 33% higher risk of lung cancer Smoking Dependance- *Nicotine is addictive *Nicotine stimulates dopamine *Produces physical and psychological addiction and withdrawal Quit Smoking- *if quit can restore health, 5-15 years Caffeine- *85% of the US consume caffeine every day * much less than europeans 1 cup of Coffee- *100mg. 1 cup of TEA- *60mg. 1 coke/pepsi- *50mg. 1 sprite/7up- *0mg. Energy Drinks- *50-550mg. caffeine Acute Toxicity-(Can KIll you) *Toxic at 1000mg. (10 cups) *LD/ED ratio 40-80 Caffeine intoxication- *nervousness, anxiety, insomnia, stomach problems Caffeine reduces- *Colon cancer