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In the beginning where plantations most likely to use indentured servants or slaves? indentured servants How many slaves survived the middle passage? 12 million Most of the slaves going through the middle passage go to...? South America How many slaves actually go to the colonies? 675,000 Bacons rebellion A rebellion lead by Nathaniel Bacon with backcountry farmers to attack Native Americans in an attemp to gain more land 1 drop rule 1/32 of dna is black then the person is still considered black long staple cotton hard to grow, easy to clean short staple cotton easy to grow, hard to clean planter class 20 or more slaves Yeoman farmers 0to 10 slaves 80 to 160 acres Largest population in south poor whites with no land and no education Aristocratic Society birth and wealth determined class landless laborers, slaves Color line Below is colored House closest to house on plantation is...? highest mammy "mother" to white children & "head" of the household. Strong role and presence in Southern home and lifestyle. who was the last slave sold? mammy what are the two systems of labor? gang and task gang labor group work together until job is done task labor when task is done you are done for the day most often use of punishment whip Ways to prevent runaways bells on collar or cut tendon What do they never do to punish? withhold food and water why is marriage encouraged? they can make babys which will mean more slaves how much money goes into a slave if it is worth $100? $15 (bonnet, hat, shirt, pants or boots) what is 1 week ration? 1 peck cornmeal 3-4 lbs back fat 2-3 lbs how many calories do slaves need a day? 5,000 to 6,000 Slave life expectancy 45 unless female how many slave children die by age 5? 20% If a slave tattles what does he/she get? freedom battle of Nat turner runs away, turns self in, slave religious leader, 3 years to plan rebellion, hammers and pitchforks the whole plantation family, moved to other plantation how many master family members were killed in battle of natt turner? 70 date of natt turner late august 1831 When is natt captured? end of october, tried nov 5 sentenced to death nov 11 how did natt turner die? skinned, quartered, and remains were burned what is quartered? 4 horses pull human apart what happened to remaining slaves after natt turner? lined up and killed every 7th slave free blacks have to wear what? a badge how many slaves successfully ran away? 10,000 to 12,000 Harriet tubman returns how many times to lead slaves to freedom? 19 Did all escape routes go north? no some went by ship Henry brown the slave mailed to abolitionist What are some sabotages used? poison food, pee in cotton to rot it what did work songs communicate? births, deaths, underground railroad know nothings believed immigrants were dangerous to society (prostitution, drugs, religions, job stealing) American party wanted to limit govt offices to american born, education to protestant only, must be 21 years old to become a citizen, restrict sale of alcohol, divided on slavery so it breaks up compromise of 1850 Includes California admitted as a free state, the Fugitive Slave Act, Made popular sovereignty in most other states from Mexican- American War charles sumner gave a speech in may 1856 called " the Crime Against Kansas" militant opponent of slavery, beat with a cane by Preston Brooks after the speech, collapsed unconscious and couldn't return to senate for 4 years, symbol throughout the north. preston brookes Who beat Charles Sumner with a cane? dred scott vs. sanford an 1856 supreme court case in wich a slave, dred scott, sued for his freedom because he had been taken to live in territories where slavery was illegal ; court ruled against scott "Bloody Affair" - Most die in field hospitals (conditions are poor) - Is injured or wounded...most often lose that limb o Infection is the #1 killer Andersonville Prison i. Operated by the Confederate army ii. Disease, overcrowding, nasty - 1. (Union prisons are very similar) POW prisoners of war b. America's First Modern War / Total a. Collateral damage ...society v. society Who is in the Election of 1860? Abraham Lincoln, Bell, Stephen Douglas, Breckenridge Abraham Lincoln Republican Party (GOP) - i. "Free Soiler" platform - any land acquired will be free Bell Const. Union - looking for compromise Stephen Douglas Northern Democrat i. Stressed popular sovereignty Breckenridge Southern Democrat i. Pro-Slavery + property travel (Dred Scott) What happens after Electoral College- clear victor was Lincoln? South Carolina - secedes immediately 20 December 1860 By Lincoln's inauguration six other Deep South states secede Corwin Amendment ghost Amendment, Adopted, never ratified, Would have made it illegal to outlaw slavery - to change the Constitution Fort Sumter which is loyal to the Union, Kind of awkward situation as it is located in enemy territory...eventually runs out of supplies, Governor want to enter into negotiations with Lincoln and that if Lincoln attempts to resupply the fort he will take that as an act of war First Major Decision for Lincoln Cannot enter into negotiations with Confederacy...would be recognizing their legality and so would Europe, Secession is also not allowed in the eye of the Union Union: "Keeping the Union Together" is original reason/ message of Civil War - 1861, Lincoln wants to punish the south...corrupt, rebellious, South---not the states, just its individuals Lincoln does not negotiate so what happens? The fort is attacked by SC militia 14 April, 1861 Confederacy fired first...then more states secede. whats the order? Ark, NC, TN and 2/3 of VA ...creation of West Virginia which is loyal to the Union; MO is loyal to the Union even though it is a slave state... VP of Confederacy A. Stevens - Cornerstone Speech, War also about slavery (state's rights) Emancipation Proclamation Keeping the Union together AND ending slavery Advantages of Union 70% pop., 70% industry, 70% wealth Advantages of Confederacy Slave pop (can't utilize of liquidate), Have land, Short on funds, * better generals*!, Robert E. Lee Lincoln struggles with finding General Until... 1863...Grant: Understand conflict conscription If you have $300 (yearly income) you can buy yourself out, Poor man's war to fight, If equal number of deaths - north still wins because they have a larger population, Grant understands he can always resupply troops Whats the Union strategy? Anaconda Plan, Naval blockade around Confederacy...then move to divide 1863-64, Control MS River When and where was Battle of Bull Run? May 1861, Outside Washington, D.C. - First battle and thought to be only battle Call for volunteers (both sides), Initial term of service in army is? 3 months Armies sizes are? 30,000 U. v. 22,000 C How many americans die? 600,000 Americans die Who is the clear victor of the first battle? Confederacy Union begin possible victory...Battle of ? Antietam Lee attempts to invade the north...from Maryland to Pennsylvania 50,000 C v. McClellan 90,000 U Battle of Antietam Who was leading the Army of the Potomac? McClellan Antietam is the single bloodiest day during war, why? 4,000 soldiers killed, 18,000 are wounded; Battle is enough of a non-loss for Lincoln to push for the Emancipation Proclamation in order to isolate the Confederacy, As well as change the main reason for conflict When is the Battle of Gettysburg, what are the troop numbers, hows it turn out?... 3rd of July, 75,000 C v. Meade 85,000 troops, Meade is too cautious so Lee escapes, Lincoln needs a general who can get the job done What happens on July 4th, 1863? "saving grace", Lincoln hears word of a victory in Vicksburg, MS, Control the high ground with limited number of cannons, Grant is in charge "unconditional surrender", Cuts =Vicksburg off - no negotiations so the city surrenders, Not pretty but Grant gets it done...this is Lincoln's best general, Tenacious and okay with losing soldiers for the cause Spring 1864, Wilderness Campaign 64-65 Lee troops are diminishing quickly...and he can't replace, desertion rates increase Grant doesn't let Lee have any rest Grant also has a secret weapon? William Tecumseh Sherman Lincolns reconstruction policy reintroduce states into union; 10% plan, about individuals living in states Individuals no in high rank can take what? loyalty oath When state has 10% of the population take the loyalty oath what happens? state can make constitution and send delagates Congress can deny what? representative seats Lincoln assassinated so who takes over? Johnson Johnson uses 10% plan but adds what? Anyone who owned $20,000 worth of land had to beg for forgiveness Freedman's bureau The bureau's focus was to provide food, medical care, administer justice, manage abandoned and confiscated property, regulate labor, and establish schools. 13th admendment abolished slavery, except for crimes black codes slaves may be taken from jail and be put to work on plantations reading contracts insures slaves are not taken advantage of Civil rights act 1866 provided guarantees for African-American voting rights in the South 14th admendment Guaranteed citizenship to former slaves and protected the rights of all citizens. Equal protection under the law. Ways to not allow slaves to vote grandfather vote, literacy tests, poll tax $20 kkk Stands for Ku Klux Klan and started right after the Civil War in 1866. The Southern establishment took charge by passing discriminatory laws known as the black codes. Gives whites almost unlimited power. They masked themselves and burned black churches, schools, and terrorized black people. They are anti-black and anti-Semitic. compromise of 1877 Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river; This settled the election of 1876, troops were removed from Louisiana and South Carolina and concessions for building a southern transcontinental railroad made U jim crow laws The "separate but equal" segregation laws state and local laws enacted in the Southern and border states of the United States and enforced between 1876 and 1965 compromise of 1850 harsher slave codes popular sovrienty end slave trade in DC CA=free state cell system underground railroad emancipation proclamation Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free by jan 1, 1863 secession south carolina first then florida to texas anaconda plan Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture Mississippi R, and to take an army through heart of south. william t sherman total war-unconditional surrender conscription draft corwin admendment would have been the 13th admendment. made illegal to change constitution (can't ban slavery) chivington leader of the attack at sand creek massacre outcome of dred scott vs sanford declare compromises are unconstitutional; builds up civil war Nat turner did what? killed 60 to 70 dog soldiers indians gang system work in a group until told to stop working task system stop working when task is finished know nothings anti immigrant-nativist movement- in crease naturalization period dred scott vs sanford scott was a slave willed to sanford. goes to original master to free areas. judge taney appomattox courthouse Lee surrenders April 1864 ends civil war 14th amendment due process, equality compromise of 1877 dealt with election of 1876. President Hayes- Republican Carlisle Indian School W. Pratt assimilate indians Carnegie Steel Company of Andrew Carnegie, started in business with Thomas Scott, invested in steel vertical integration owns everything from raw material to end product JD Rockefeller Invests in alternative fuel (oil); doesn't believe in competition, buys it all out; lobbied train companies to only transport his oil horizontal integration eliminate competition owning many companies (pac man) standard oil of ohio 1882, stock holders surrenders power to a band of directors managed by 9 trustees cleveland massacre JD buys 22 of 26 oil refining businesses, says hes "the man of oil" remaining competitors says that is not fair monopoly Capitalism eats its own tail without competition there is no free enterprise Price war Rock vs scott Rock withholds oil, and he has more resources so he cut wages which made a strike; Scott Penn. RR invests oil Sherman Antitrust act 1890 enforced in 1910s; protect/encourage competition; No monopoly unions a corporation of labor; early unions were local/regional and for skilled only; labor is a form of property and government should protect property knights of labor 1869- started skilled only then vertically integrated; skilled, unskilled, blacks, white, women, etc terrance powderly elected president in 1879, catholic which led to the knights open membership; secret society which led to his decline in 1886 american federation of labor led by Gompers; cigarette roller;most skilled workers; union; company did well because most were skilled Samuel Gompers leader of AFL; skilled cigarette roller; horizontally integrated strike large number of people refused to work; 23,000 strikes 1880-1900 great railroad strike of 1877 scott vs rock; rock halts distribution (by railroad) of oil because scott gets involved in oil haymarket square riot demonstration and march for a 40 hour work week in chicago; pipe bomb thrown at end and killed police officers ( was peaceful) made unions look violent pullman strike 1893 owned facories, jobs, and everything in town; cut wages 4 times but didn't cut cost of living united railway workers union go on strike led by debs because of pullman situation eugene debs arrested for organizing the strike in re debs supreme court rules the strike is a restraint to free trade and breaks the sherman antitrust act trust corporations of corporations standard oil trust committee of 9 that oversaw 4 businesses and guided and directed activities holding company role is to own other companies. Rock owns 25% of stock Sherman Antitrust act 1890 presents monopoly constraints on free trade Granges-farmers try to produce as much as possible so crop prices would go down, went into debt so they blamed on circumstances patron saints of husbandry 1867 started out at a social gathering to complain but turned to an economic concept so they could get seeds and grain for cheaper prices OH Kelley founded sts storing/hauling of grain unevern charges; more grain stored = lower price; patron saints of husbandry; combined and stored grain together Munn V IL 1877 allowed state regulation of grain elevators as long as it was devoted for a public use; decided state rights because grain was a communal good communal good a product in which a state needs to function Wabash v IL 1886 illinois couldn't regulate the railroad because it crossed state lines; decided wabash wins interstate commerce commission regulates innerstate trade people's party leads to populism; strong presence in south Ocala demands reduce tariff, regulate railroad, secret gallot, federal income tax, direct election of senators, FUCS, inflation to assist farmers; all became future practices; farmers=pay debt, miners=work Sherman silver purchase act 1890 attempted and failed jim crow laws intended to separate the races, maternity to morgue plessy v ferguson seperate but equal New Orleans in Plessy v Ferguson challenged railroad seperating the races Homer Plessy octoroon, tried and fined $25 Judge ferguson fined homer $25 Justice Harlan "no superior race" Brown v Board of Education court found that segregation was a violation of the Equal Protection clause "separate but equal" has no place Booker T Washington Born a slave then freed; was patient and funded legal challenges against the jim crow laws; went to Tuskegee Institute (vo tech school) W.E.B Dubois Went to Fisk Univeristy first 1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910 Talented tenth top 10% of black population wanted to become lawyers and doctors Agitate change take freedom, dont wait for it to come to you The Crisis journal by NAACP NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination, to oppose racism and to gain civil rights for African Americans, got Supreme Court to declare grandfather clause unconstitutional The Souls of Black Folk WEB DuBois 1903 - blacks should not be treated bad, they should be aggressive rise up for equality B. T. Washington rate of change patient; had a more conservative approach Dubois rate of change had a more liberal approach; wanted to take freedom Sectionalism loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole The Peculiar Institution what white southerners referred to slavery as, meaning that the institution was odd but that it was distinctive, special, since the South was one of the few places in the Western World where slavery still existed, and isolated the South from the rest of American society. Apologists "defenders of the faith." Christians who worked hard to dispel the false rumors about Christianity and to make Christianity appear both reasonable and acceptable to non-Christians. Henry Clay Senator who persuaded Congress to accept the Missouri Compromise, which admitted Maine into the Union as a free state, and Missouri as a slave state Henry "box" Brown US Representative from SC's 1st Congressional District Harriet Tubman United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913) Stephen A. Douglas Senator from Illinois who ran for president against Abraham Lincoln. Wrote the Kansas-Nebreaska Act and the Freeport Doctrine Kansas Nebraska Act This Act set up Kansas and Nebraska as states. Each state would use popular sovereignty to decide what to do about slavery. People who were proslavery and antislavery moved to Kansas, but some antislavery settlers were against the Act. This began guerrilla warfare. Bleeding Kansas A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent. Dred Scott v. Sanford Supreme Court case that decided US Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in federal territories and slaves, as private property, could not be taken away without due process - basically slaves would remain slaves in non-slave states and slaves could not sue because they were not citizens Sumner/ Brooks Congressman Preston Brooks severely beat Senator Charles Sumner in the senate chambers. Sumner (from Massachusetts) was vocally anti-slavery. Brooks (South Carolina) took offense at an earlier speech made by Sumner, feeling it was anti-southern and libel against his home state. He approached Sumner, who was seated at a desk in a nearly empty chamber, and after a brief expression of his feelings on the matter, began to attack Sumner with his heavy cane. He continued to assault Sumner the Senator tried in vain to escape up the aisle, blinded by his own blood. Radical Republicans These were a small group of people in 1865 who supported black suffrage. They were led by Senator Charles Sumner and Congressman Thaddeus Stevens. They supported the abolition of slavery and a demanding reconstruction policy during the war and after. John Brown abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858) Abraham Lincoln 16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865) general strategies and trends of the Civil war ... Reconstruction the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union Freedman's Bureau a U.S. federal government agency that aided distressed refugees and freedmen (freed slaves) in 1865-1872, during the Reconstruction era of the United States. 13th Amendment This amendment freed all slaves without compensation to the slaveowners. It legally forbade slavery in the United States. 14th Amendment Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws 15th Amendment citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude Draft Riots were a series of violent disturbances in New York City that were the culmination of discontent with new laws passed by Congress to draft men to fight in the ongoing American Civil War Andrew Carnegie Creates Carnegie Steel. Gets bought out by banker JP Morgan and renamed U.S. Steel. Andrew Carnegie used vertical integration by buying all the steps needed for production. Was a philanthropist. Was one of the "Robber barons" Horizontal Integration Type of monopoly where a company buys out all of its competition. Ex. Rockefeller Vertical Integration Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution J.D. Rockefeller He was a highly-valued pioneering figure: an American industralist and philanthropist. He revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy. He founded "Standard Oil". His 40 oil companies owned about 90% of the nation's pipelines and refined 84% of the nation's oiil. His fortune was mainly used to create the modern systematic approach of philanthropy with foundations that had a major effect on medicine, education, and scientific reserach. He was a horizontal integrationer (joining competiting businesses in one area). Industrial Revolution the change from an agricultural to an industrial society and from home manufacturing to factory production, especially the one that took place in England from about 1750 to about 1850. Sherman Anti-Trust Act First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions Agricultural Revolution A time when new inventions such as the seed drill and the steel plow made farming easier and faster. The production of food rose dramatically. Jim Crow Laws written to separate blacks and whites in public areas/meant African Americans had unequal opportunities in housing, work, education, and government Black Codes Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves Unions Low wages and unsafe working conditions cause workers to revolt and group together. (Ex. American Railway Union, Child Labor Movement, Women Labor Movement, Industrial Workers of the World, Social Gospel Movement) Strikes The unions' method for having their demands met. Workers stop working until the conditions are met. It is a very effective form of attack. Eugene Debs Prominent socialist leader (and five time presidential candidate) who founded the American Railroad Union and led the 1894 Pullman Strike American Federation of Labor Federation of craft labor unions lead by Samuel Gompers that arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor Haymarket Square Labor disorders had broken out and on May 4 1886, the Chicago police advanced on a protest; alleged brutalities by the authorities. Suddenly a dynamite bomb was thrown that killed or injured dozens, including police. It is still unknown today who set off the bomb, but following the hysteria, eight anarchists (possibly innocent) were rounded up. Because they preached "incendiary doctrines," they could be charged with conspiracy. Five were sentenced to death, one of which committed suicide; the other three were given stiff prison terms. Six years later, a newly elected Illinois governor recognized this gross injustice and pardoned the three survivors. Nevertheless, the Knights of Labor were toast: they became (incorrectly )associated with anarchy and all following strike efforts failed. Pullman Strike in Chicago, Pullman cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town", Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, Debs thrown in jail after being sued, strike achieved nothing The Noble Order of the Knights of Labor The first improtant national union, it reached its peek in 1886. It tried to bring together the entire working class, both skilled and unskilled. It was unsuccessful, however, due to the many disagreements between skilled and unskilled workers. "Social Darwinism" The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion. International Workers of the World 1905 - Also known as IWW or Wobblies - created in opposition to American Federation of Labor Populists a party made up of farmers and laborers that wanted direct election of senators and an 8hr working day Progressives reformers who worked to stop unfair practices by businesses and improve the way grovernment works Reform Impulse ... The Jungle This 1906 work by Upton Sinclair pointed out the abuses of the meat packing industry. The book led to the passage of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act. Booker T. Washington African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality. W.E.B. DuBois 1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910 Homestead Act Passed in 1862, it gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for five years. The settler would only have to pay a registration fee of $25. Pacific Railroad Act Called for the building of the Transcontinental Railroad to stretch across America connecting California and the rest of America. political machines Corrupt organized groups that controlled political parties in the cities. A boss leads the machine and attempts to grab more votes for his party. immigration migration into a place (especially migration to a country of which you are not a native in order to settle there) Sand Creek Massacre In Colorado territory in 1864, U.S army colonel John M. Chivington led a surprise attack on a peaceful Cheyenne settlement along Sand Creek River. The Cheyenne under Chief Black kettle tried to surrender. First he waved the America Flag and the White flag of surrender. Chivington ignored the gestures. The U.S army killed about 200 Cheyenne during the conflict Fetterman Massacre Fetterman's army led into wilderness and ambushed by Sioux, 82 soldiers killed, sparked public debate over Indian policy Treaty of Fort Laramie Treaty under which government agreed to close Bozeman trail, and Sioux agreed to live on reserve along Missouri River. The Sioux were forced into this treaty. The treaty was only a temporary to warfare between Native Americans and Whites. Dawes Act 1887 law which gave all Native American males 160 acres to farm and also set up schools to make Native American children more like other Americans Wovoka He was a new prophet, who promised to restore the Sioux to their original dominance on the Plains if they performed the Ghost Dance Dawes Act An act that removed Indian land from tribal possesion, redivided it, and distributed it among individual Indian families. Designed to break tribal mentalities and promote individualism. "To jump over a broomstick" in slave culture was to ... marry Who is the best known member of the Underground Railroad? Harriet Tubman The term "popular sovereignty" means ____________________________________ and was a main section found in the Compromise of 1850. power in decision making ______________________ was arrested after the Pullman Strike...charged for organizing the strike. Eugene Debs What the remaining three components of the Compromise of 1850? - harsher fugitive slave laws enforced - California entered as a free state - Popular sovreignty Slave trade was abolished in District of Columbia Another application of popular sovereignty could be found in 1854 by the ________________________________Act to determine the status of slavery. Kansas-Nebraska The _______________________________ to the United States Constitution ratified in December 1865 abolished slavery throughout the Union. 13th admendment 8. The _______________________________Act took effect in January of 1863 and offered 160 acres of free public land to settlers in the West. Homestead During the Bleeding Kansas era... after such violence in the Midwest about the issue of slavery another event was taking place in D.C. between which two Congressmen. _____________________________ Preston Brooks and Charles Sumner At Vicksburg in July 1863, the Union under __________________________'s leadership was victorious. Ulysses S. Grant Abraham Lincoln's January 1, 1863 Emancipation Proclamation freed _________________________________________________________________ slaves in confederate states The Emancipation Proclamation was issued immediately after ____________________________ battle of antietam The 15th Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibited federal and state governments from denying any citizen the right to _________________because of race. vote As a result of the _________________________________riot in 1886, which transformed from a peaceful rally to an issue with a pipe bomb, unions loss sympathy because of their oftentimes violent nature. Haymarket Square The __________________________ were laws that sought to regulate the lives of former slaves. black codes The political "boss" of New York City in the early 1870s was ____________________________ William Marcy Tweed (political machine) What was the name of the organization that sought to organize both skilled an unskilled workers women as well as men, blacks along with whites, and achieved a membership of nearly 800,000 in 1886 __________________________________________ The Nobel Order or Knights of Labor The 1886 case Wabash v. IL attempted to challenge a state law regulating the ____________________________. The following year the Interstate Commerce Commission was created. hauling of grain What was the name of the railroad car company against which workers struck in 1894? Pullman What was the name of the labor organization of principally white, male, skilled workers that arose in the 1880s and was headed by Samuel Gompers? __________________________ American Federation of Labor he following were devices used by Southern whites to keep blacks from exercising suffrage - poll taxes -grandfather clauses -__________________________________ literacy test Who was the African-American leader who delivered a speech in 1895 at the Atlanta Cotton Exposition urging black Americans to adjust to segregation and stop agitating for civil and political rights? _______________________________________ Booker T. Washington In the mid- 1850s the Republican Party sought to... prevent the spread of slavery In the mid- 1860s the Republican Party sought to... abolish the institution of slavery (1863 emanc. proc) The following is true of the Battle of ____________________________, September 17, 1862? - It was the bloodiest day of fighting in American history; more died at Antietam than at D-Day in World War II. - 4,300 men were killed that day in fighting and 2,000 of those wounded later died. - ______________ is located in Maryland, and southern forces under the command of General Robert E. Lee, having crossed into Maryland, were repelled in their northern advance by General McClellan and the Army of the Potomac. Antietam One of the main purposes of the _____________________________was to ensure a fair and viable system of labor relations between former slaves and former slave owners Freedman's Bureau In ________________________________ of 1877 a grain operator challenged a state law about the regulation. The SC decided that it was a communal good and this upheld the law. Munn vs. IL All of the following were Captains of Industry except: John D. Rockefeller. Andrew Carnegie. Samuel Gompers. J.P. Morgan. Samuel Gompers. _________________________ was notorious for his creative route of escaping slavery to a Northern abolitionist's house. Henry "box" Brown What was the name of the organization that advocated a workers' revolution to seize control of the means of production and abolish the state, and which organized women, blacks, as Asian-Americans, as well as white men? ________________________________________ Industrial Workers of the World The largest citizens' movement of the 19th century was the ______________________ Alliance Farmers (grange" The Congressman from Nebraska, William Jennings Bryan ,was the Democratic Party nominee for president in 1896 who was calling the free "_______________________" of silver coinage The following was the main component of the ____________________ Demands. ocala The ________________________________________ of 1851 pushed several Indian tribes onto reserves and caused major uprooting. Then in 1868 the government agreed to abandon forts as long as the tribes agreed safe passage. Treaty of Ft Laramie What landmark United States Supreme Court decision gave approval to state laws requiring separate facilities for whites and blacks? __________________________________ Plessy vs Ferguson Laws that enforced segregation were also known as _______________________________ Jim Crow The immigrants facing the harshest reception in late-nineteenth-century America were those arriving from __________________________ China Gang vs. Task Labor Gang: cotton, sugar ; Task: rice The nineteenth-century view that there should be an immediate end to slavery and incorporation of the freed persons into the republic as equal citizens is called _____________________________ abolitionism In the eyes of Lincoln the action of _________________________ or withdrawing formally from membership from the Union was illegal. secession Describe the main components of the Dred Scott v. Sanford case. Scott : slave then Emerson dies, he is willed to Sanford, he sues because he was in a free state with Emerson so Scott should be free. Judge Taney decides against Scott : not a citizen, slave, deems compromises unconstitutional. One of the leading figures of the Democratic party in the 1850s was________________________ Stephen Douglass The ____________________________ platform called for the government to bar slavery from the western territories and provide land free in the territories to people who wanted to homestead there. Free Soil Party JD Rockefeller practiced _________________________________ integration. horizontal Winner of the 1860 election..._______________________________ Abraham Lincoln Black Americans who refused to sign labor contracts to work for whites during Reconstruction were often convicted of ________________________________ and fined; oftentimes they were then auctioned to the person who paid the fine. vagrancy Reconstruction began even before the Civil War ended...with the creation of the _________________________. 10% plan __________________________ called for a more radical approach to dealing with segregation and equality among black Americans... "Talented Tenth" WEB Dubois President Johnson never fully supported ______________________________________ whose purpose for to acquire equal rights for newly freed slaves radical republicans Kansas abolitionist _____________________________led a brutal raid on Harpers Ferry. john brown Vertical Integration in which every aspect of production is owned (raw material to finished product) was practiced by ___________________________________________ Andrew Carnegie ________________________ was responsible for leading guerilla-style ambushes on the US militia. Also responsible for the Fetterman Massacre which resulted in 82 US deaths. Red Cloud The 1887 ______________________ Act which distributed land to speculators led to the loss of tribal lands and the erosion of Indian cultural traditions. Dawes The ___________________________Act of 1863 encouraged transcontinental rail lines in which the government would pay a selected sum of money to companies depending on the terrain. Pacific Railway Wovoka is accredited to creating and practicing the _____________________________ which was later outlawed by the US militia ghost dance Candidates in the 1860's election Lincoln: Bell: constitutional union Breckenridge: Southern democrats Douglass: Northern democrats