Anatomy
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kennyhuynh26 on October 23, 2010
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36 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Skeletal Cartilages | Contain no blood vessels or nerves |
| Hyaline cartilages | provide support, flexibility, and resilience Location: embryonic skeleton, ends of long bones, costal cartilages of ribs, nose, trachea, larynx |
| Elastic cartilages | similar to hyaline cartilages but contain elastic fiber found in the ear Location: ear |
| Fibrocartilages | collagen fiber have great tensile strength Location: intervertebal discs, knee |
| Two Main Group of Bones | • Axial skeleton (brown) • Appendicular skeleton (yellow) |
| Bones by Shape | • Long bones - longer than they are wide • Short bones - cube-shaped bone (wrist or ankle) • Sesamoid bones (within tendons, e.g., patella) • Flat bones - Thin, flat, slightly curved • Irregular bones - Complicated shapes |
| Functions of Bones | • Support - for the body and soft organs • Protection - the brain, spinal cord, and vital organ • Movement - lever for muscle action •Storage • Minerals (calcium and phosphorus) • Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis) |
| Bone Textures (2 Type) | • Compact bone - dense outer layer • Spongy (cancellous) bone - honeycomb of trabeuclae |
| Structure of a Long Bone | • Diaphysis (shaft) • Compact bone - surround medullary (marrow) cavity • Medullary cavity - in adult contain fat (yellow marrow) • Epiphyses • Expanded ends • Spongy bone interior • Epiphyseal line - remnant of growth plate • Articular (hyaline) cartilage - on joint surface |
| Membranes of Bone (2 Type) | 1. Periosteum • Outer fibrous layer • Inner osteogenic layer • Osteoblasts (bone-forming cells) • Osteoclasts (bone-destroying cells) • Osteogenic cells (stem cells) 2. Endosteum • Delicate membrane on internal surfaces of bone • Also contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts |
| Structure of Short, Irregular, and Flat Bones | • Periosteum - covered compact bone on the outside • Endosteum - covered spongy bone with in |
| Microscopic Anatomy of Bone | Cells of bones • Osteogenic cells • Stem cells in periosteum and endosteum that give rise to osteoblasts • Osteoblasts • Bone-forming cells Cells of bone Osteocytes - mature bone cells Osteoclasts - cells that down bone matrix |
| Microscopic Anatomy of Bone: Compact Bone (4Type ) | 1. Haversian system, or osteon—structural unit • Lamellae • Weight- bearing • Column-like matrix tubes • Central (Haversian) canal • Contains blood vessels and nerves 2. Perforating (Volkmann's) canals • At right angles to the central canal • Connects blood vessels and nerves of Periosteum and central canal 3. Lacunae—small cavities that contain osteocytes 4. Canaliculi—hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal |
| Microscopic Anatomy of Bone: Spongy Bone | Trabeculae (bar of bony tissue) • Align along line of stress • Not arrange in a haversion system • Contain irregularily arrange lamellae Osteocytes, and canaliculi |
| Chemical Composition of Bone: Organic (5 Type) | 1. Osteogenic cells, which give rise to osteoblasts 2. Osteocytes 3. Osteoclasts 4. Ground substance 5. Collagen fibers - provide tensile strength and flexibility |
| Chemical Composition of Bone: Inorganic | mineral salts 65% of bone by mass Mainly calcium phosphate crystals Responsible for hardness and resistance to compression |
| Bone Development | • Osteogenesis (ossification)—bone tissue formation • Stages • Bone formation— begin in the 2nd month of development • Postnatal bone growth— until early adult hood • Bone remodeling and repair— lifelong |
| Two Types of Ossification | • Intramembranous ossification • Membrane bone develops from fibrous membrane • Forms flat bones, e.g. clavicles and cranial bones • Endochondral ossification • Cartilage (endochondral) bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage • Forms most of the rest of the skeleton • Uses hyaline cartilage models • Requires breakdown of hyaline cartilage prior to ossification |
| 5 Step Bone Development | 1. Bone Collar Forms (week 9) 2. Cartilage in diaphysis calcifies 3. Spongy bone begins to form 4. Diaphysis elongates and medullary cavity forms(Birth) 5. The epiphyses ossify(adolescence) |
| Postnatal Bone Growth | • Interstitial growth: • (Arrow UP) ength of long bones |
| Appositional growth: | thickness and remodeling of all bones by osteoblasts and osteoclasts on bone surfaces |
| Hormonal Regulation of Bone Growth | • Growth hormone - stimulates Epiphyseal plate activity • Thyroid hormone - modulate activity of growth hormone • Testosterone and estrogens (at puberty) • Promote adolescent growth spurts |
| Bone Remodeling | • Bone remodeling does not occur uniformly force ( replace every 5 to 6 month where as it shaft) • Bone resorption and hone deposit together equal bone remodeling |
| Bone Deposit | • Occurs where bone - injured or added strength is needed • Requires - a diet rich in protein, vitamin C D and A, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and manganese |
| Bone Resorption | • Osteoclasts secrete: • Lysomal enzymes ( digest, organic, matrix) • Acid (covert calcium salts, into soluble term • Dissolved matrix is transcytosed across osteoclast, enters interstitial fluid and then blood |
| Control of Remodeling • 2 Factors Control Remodeling of Bone | Interstitial Growth • During infacy and youth all bone lengthen via this • Epiphysuel platecartilage grows and it is replace by bone • As adolescence end, chondroblast of the Epiphyseal plate divide less often and the plate became thinner until they entire replace Appositional Growh Osteoblasts secrete bone matrix while osteoblasts remove bone There is a slightly less breaking down than build What controls continual remodeling of bone? • Hormone mechanism that maintain calcium homeostasis in the blood • Mechanical and gravitational force |
| Hormonal Control of Blood Ca2+ | • Calcium is necessary for • Transmission of nerve impulses • Muscle contraction • Blood coagulation • Secretion by glands and nerve cells • Cell division |
| Hormonal Control of Blood Ca2+ ( Primary ) | Primarily controlled by parathyroid hormone (PTH) Blood Ca2+ levels Parathyroid glands release PTH PTH stimulates osteoclasts to degrade bone matrix and release Ca2+ Blood Ca2+ levels |
| Response to Mechanical Stress | • Wolff's law: A bone grows or remodels in response to forces or demands placed upon it • Observations supporting Wolff's law: • Handedness (right or left hand) result in bone of one uppoer limb being thicker and stronger • Curved bones are thicked where they are most likely to buckle • Trabeuclae form along line of stress • Large, bony, projection occur when heavy active muscle attach |
| Classification of Bone Fractures (1-2) | • Bone fractures may be classified by four "either or" classifications: 1. Position of bone ends after fracture: • Nondisplaced - end retain normal position • Displaced - end out of normal alignment 2. Completeness of the break • Complete— broken all the way through • Incomplete— not broken all the way |
| Classification of Bone Fractures (3-4) | 3. Orientation of the break to the long axis of the bone: • Linear— parallel to long axis of the bone • Transverse— perpendicular to long axis of the bone 4. Whether or not the bone ends penetrate the skin: • Compound (open)— bone ends penetrate to the skin • Simple (closed)— bone ends do not ( penetrate the skin ) child fracture |
| Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture | Hematoma forms • Torn blood vessel hemorrhage • Clot (hematoma) form • Site became swollen, painful, and inflamed Fibrocartilaginous callus forms • Phagocytic cell clear debris • Osteoblasts begin form spongy bone within week • Fibroblast secrete collagen to connect bone end • Mass of repair tissue now called fibrocartilaginous callus Bony callus formation • New trabeuclae form a bony (hard) callus • Bony callus formation continue until firm union is formed in - 2month Bone remodeling • In response to mechanical stressor over several months • Final structure resemble original |
| Homeostatic Imbalances | Osteomalacia and rickets • Calcium salts not deposited - is produced but calcium salt not deposited • Rickets (childhood disease) - caused bowed legs and other bone deforminate • causes - vitamin D deficiency or insufficient dietary calcium Osteoporosis • Loss of bone mass— bone resorption outpaces deposit • Spongy bone of spine and neck of femur become most susceptible to fracture • Risk factors • Lack of estrogen, calcium or vitamin D petite body form immobility, low level of activity |
| Osteoporosis: Treatment and Prevention | • Calcium, vitamin D, and fluoride supplements • 7 weight bearing exercise throught life • Hormone, replacement therapy (HRT) slow bone loss • Some drug (fosamax, statins,) increase bone mineral density |
| Paget's Disease | • Excessive and haphazard bone formation and breakdown, usually in spine, pelvis, femur, or skull • Pagetic bone has very high ratio of spongy to compact bone and reduced mineralization • Unknown cause (possible viral) |
| Developmental Aspects of Bones | • Embryonic skeleton ossifies predictably so fetal age easily determined from X rays or sonograms • At birth, most long bones are well ossified (except epiphyses) • Nearly all bones completely ossified by age 25 • Bone mass decrease with age begin in 4th decade • Rate of loss determined by genetics and environment factors • In old age bone resorption predominate |
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