Anthro. Chapter 11
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32 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Economics | the branch of social science that deals with the production and distribution and consumption of goods and services and their management |
| Food Collection | defined as a food- getting strategy that obtains wild plant and animal resources through gathering, hunting, scavenging, or fishing. |
| foragers | people who support themselves by hunting wild animals and gathering wild edible plants and insects |
| hunter-gatherers | people who hunt animals and gather food |
| Australian Aborigines | they were native Australians who depended on food collection. lived before Europeans came to Australia |
| General Features of Food Collectors | lived in small communities in sparsely populated territories and followed a nomadic lifestyle. didn't recognize individuals' land rights and their communities were not divided in class. look at table 11.1 on page 261 |
| Food collection systems | three different kinds. 1) horticulture, 2) intensive agriculture 3) pastoralism |
| Horticulture | is the growing of crops of all kinds with relatively simple tools and methods, in the absence of permanently cultivated fields. |
| two kinds of Horticulture | 1) extensive 2) shifting cultivation |
| Slash and Burn | a farming method involving the cutting of trees, then burning them to provide ash-enriched soil for the planting of crops |
| Intensive Agriculture | use techniques that enable them to cultivate fields permanently.. essential nutrients may be put back in the soil through the use of fertilizers, which may be organic or inorganic. Example: Making Delta in Vietnam. |
| General features of intensive agricultural societies. | have towns and cities , a high degree of craft specialization, complex political organization and large differences in wealth and power. |
| Commercialization | a worldwide trend for intensive agriculturalists to produce or more and more for a market. |
| Pastoralism | the domestication of animals Example: Lapps or Saami practice Reindeer herding in N.Western Scandinavia. |
| General Features of Pastoralism | Most are nomadic, moving camp fairly frquently to find water and new pasture for their herds. others have somewhat more sedentary lives. may move for different reasons. |
| Reason #1 development of food production | 1) Pop. growth in regions of bountiful wild resources pushed people to move to marginal areas, where they tried to reproduce their former abundance. |
| Reason #2 of development of food production | Global population growth filled up most of the world's habitable regions and forced people to utilize a broader spectrum of wild resources and to domesticate plans and animals. |
| Reason #3 of development of food production | Climatic change-hotter, drier summers and colder winters-favored settling near seasonal stands of wild grain; population growth in such areas would force people to plant crops and raise animals |
| Ester Boserup | suggests that increased population size might be the cause of the shift to agriculture |
| Natural Resources: Land | water, plants, animals, minerals |
| Usufruct | a legal right to use and derive profit from property belonging to someone else provided that the property itself is not injured in any way |
| Voluntary Labor | in the sense that no formal organization within the society compels people to work and punishes them for not working. |
| Industrialism | an economic system built on large industries rather than on agriculture or craftsmanship |
| postindustrialism | the production of information using computer technology |
| Generalized reciprocity | exchange involving the least conscious sense of interest in material gain or thought of what might be received in return |
| Balanced reciprocity | midpoint on reciprocity continuum, between generalized and negative |
| Redistribution | a form of exchange in which goods flow into a central place, where they are sorted, counted, and reallocated |
| Market | the world of commercial activity where goods and services are bought and sold |
| Commercial Exchange | transactions in which the prices are subject to supply and demand, whether or not the transacations actually occur in a marketplace. |
| general-purpose money | used in our own and other complex societies, for which nearly all goods, resources and services can be exchanged. |
| Money | the official currency issued by a government or national bank |
| Peasant | a small farm owner or farm worker, produce food largely for their own consumption. |
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