Digestion
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62 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 mouth | entrance of digestive system; both mechanical and chemical digestion begin here |
| pharynx | throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx |
| epiglottis | small flap that closes entrance to trachea during digestion |
| esophagus | muscular tube that carries bolus from mouth to stomach |
| cardiac sphincter | muscle between the esophagus and stomach, prevents acidic gastric juices from flowing up into esophagus |
| pyloric sphincter | located between stomach and small intestine, controls the movement of partially, digested food. |
| small intestines | majority of digestion takes place in here, divided into three parts |
| duodenum | first part of small intestines, most digestion takes place, chemicals released from liver, gall bladder, and pancreas |
| jejunum | second part of small intestines, absorbs nutrients from digested food |
| ileum | last part of small intestines, absorbs enzymes and anything left over by jejunum |
| ileocecal sphincter | Ring of muscles that are between the ileum and the cecum (first part of the large intestine) |
| large intestines | receives and eliminates waste products from small intestines, absorbs water from remaining bolus |
| rectum | muscle after the large intestines, temporary storage for feces (stool) |
| anus | end of digestive tract, opening where feces are expelled |
| peristalsis | the method used in the esophagus and small intestines to move bolus through |
| pepsinogen and HCl | two main chemicals released in stomach |
| liver | organ that produced bile |
| emulsification | process in which bile breaks down fat |
| pancreas | secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum, where it mixes with bile to digest food; also produces sodium bicarbonate, a base that neutralizes stomach acid |
| gall bladder | organ that stores bile |
| capillaries | very small blood vessels that absorb nutrients |
| hepatic portal system | brings blood from digestive system to liver for processing |
| pepsinogen | released in stomach, reacts with HCl to create pepsin The inactive form of pepsin that is first secreted by specialized (chief) cells located in gastric pits of the stomach. |
| ingestion | the process of taking food into the body through the mouth (as by eating) |
| digestion | The breakdown of complex organic molecules into smaller components by physical and chemical means |
| absorption | the taking up of digested molecules into the cells of the digestive tract |
| egestion | the removal of waste food materials from the body |
| pepsin | Protein digestion - turns proteins into small polypeptides Also: an enzyme present in gastric juice that begins the hydrolysis of proteins in the stomach |
| lipase | Enzyme that breaks down fat droplets (emulsified) into: glycerol, fatty acids, and glycerides |
| salivary amylase | Carbohydrate digestion - turns polysaccharides (starch, glycogen) into smaller polysaccharides (maltose) |
| pancreatic amylase | enzyme from pancreas that breaks down starch |
| nucleases | Nucleic acid digestion - turn DNA/RNA into nucleotides |
| trypsin | Made in the pancreas, _______ turns small polypeptides (once protein) into smaller polypeptides in the lumen of sm. int. |
| chymotrypsin | Made in the pancreas, and activated by trypsin, _______ also turns small polypeptides (once protein) into smaller polypeptides in the lumen of sm. int. |
| maltase | enzyme that breaks down maltose in the small intestin |
| sucrase | enzyme that breaks down sucrose into monosaccharides in the lumen of the small intestine |
| lactase | enzyme that breaks down lactose into monosaccharides in the lumen of the small intestine |
| feces | waste product, mostly cellulose, e. coli, water, and bilirubin |
| ruminates | food that is regurgitated for more mechanical digestion (common for cows, rabbits, etc.) |
| lacteal | A small lymph vessel located inside of the villi of the small intestine |
| tongue | forms a bolus (ball) out of the chewed food + pushes it to the back of the mouth into the pharynx |
| mucus | protects stomach lining from acid, w/o it would be stomach ulcers |
| fiber | a food substance that provides bulk but is not digested, healthy colon |
| salivary gland | releases saliva into the mouth |
| where digestive fluids are added and most of the chemical digestion occurs | why is the duodenum important? |
| bile | Through emulsification, _______ disperses fat globules into droplets of fat. |
| villi | absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream; folds in small intestine that make larger area for food absorption into the blood |
| chyme | paste of food made by physical digestion in the stomach |
| Larynx | Tube shaped organ at the top of the trachea |
| Ptyalin | another name for salivary amylase |
| 4-6 hours | Q-How long does food stay in your stomach for? |
| 3 days | Q-Stomach lining is replaced every... |
| Liver | Q-What is the largest internal organ of the body? |
| e. coli | what enzyme is found in the large intestines that breaks up cellulose, or plant material? |
| secum | produce digestive enzymes that break down cellulose; unable to in humans b/c we have a tiny ______ |
| protease | Enzyme that breaks down proteins |
| nucleotidases | Nucleic acid digestion - turn nucleotides into nucleosides |
| nucleosidases | Nucleic acid digestion - turn nucleosides into: nitrogenous bases, sugar, and phosphates |
| gastrin | hormone produced in the stomach wall that stimulates sustained secretion of gastric juice |
| gastric juices | enzymes, mucus and acid secreted from stomach glands |
| diarrhea | large intestine doesn't absorb water |
| constipation | large intestine absorbs too much water |
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