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Light Microscope (LM) a microscope where visible light is passed through the specimen and then through glass lenses Organelles membrane-enclosed compartments (subcellular structures) Electron Microscope (EM) a microscope where a beam of electrons is focused through the specimen or on to its surface Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) a microscope which excites electrons on the surface of the cell, and shows the specimen's topography Transmission Electron microscope (TEM) a microscope which aims an electron through a very thin section of the specimen, which has been stained with atoms of heavy metals, and displays the pattern of transmitted electrons Ultracentrifuges a tool which carries out cell fractionation Cell Fractionation taking cells apart and separating the major organelles from one another Prokaryotic Cell a type of cell which has its DNA concentrated at the nucleoid, which is not surrounded by a membrane Nucleoid the area not enclosed by a membrane where the DNA is concentrated, in a prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic Cell a type of cell which has a true nucleus, and many organelles Cytoplasm the entire space between the nucleus and the plasma membrane Plasma Membrane the selective barrier which allows the sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to service the entire volume of the cell at the boundary of the cell Flagellum locomotion organelle present in some animal cells; composed of membrane-enclosed microtubules Centrosome region where the cell's microtubules are initiated; in an animal cell, contains a pair of centrioles Cytoskeleton reinforces cell's shape, functions in cell movement; components made of protein (microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules) Microvilli projections that increase the cell's surface area Peroxisome organelle with various specialized metabolic functions; produces hydrogen peroxide Mitochindrion organelle where cellular respiration occurs and most ATP is produced Lysosome digestive organelle where macromolecules are hydrolyzed Golgi Apparatus organelle active in synthesis, modification, sorting, and secretion of cell products Ribosomes nonmembranous organelles that make proteins, free in cytoplasm or bound to rough ER nuclear envelope Chromatin material consisting of DNA and proteins; visible as individual chromosomes in a dividing cell Nucleolus nonmembranous organelle involved in production of ribosomes; a nucleus has one or more nucleoli Nuclear Envelope double membrane enclosing the nucleus; perforated by pores, contiguous with ER Centrosome region where the cell's microtubules are initiated; lacks centrioles in plant cells Cell Wall outer layer that maintains cell's shape and protects cell from mechanical damage; made of cellulose, other polysaccharides, and protein Plasmodesmata channels through the cell walls that connect the cytoplasm of adjacent cells Chloroplast photosynthetic organelle, converts energy of sunlight to chemical energy stored in sugar molecules Central Vacuole prominent organelle in older plant cells, functions include storage, breakdown of waste products, hydrolysis of macromolecules; enlargement of vacuole is a major mechanism of plant growth Tonoplast membrane enclosing the central vacuole Endoplasmic Reticulum network of membranous sacs and tubes; active in membrane synthesis and other synthetic and metabolic processes; has rough(ribosome-studded) and smooth regions Vesicles sacs made of membrane Glycoproteins proteins that have carbohydrates covalently bonded to them Transport Vesicles vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another Phagocytosis the process of engulfing smaller organisms or food particles Food Vacuoles vacuoles which store food Contractile Vacuoles they pump out excess water due to osmosis Cristae infoldings of the inner membrane in mitochondria Mitochondrial Matrix the space in between the cristae Thylakoids membranous system in the form of interconnected sacs in chloroplast Granum/ Grana each stack in the choloroplast Stroma the fluid outside the thylakoids Motor Proteins the proteins required to interact with cytoskeleton for cell motility Centrioles composed of nine sets of triplet microtubules arranged in a ring Myosin a protein which has thicker filaments that work with actin filaments Pseudopodia "false feet" in amoeba Cytoplasmic Streaming circular flow of cytoplasm within cells Primary Cell Wall the relatively thin and flexible cell wall first secreted by young plant cells Middle Lamella the substance in between the primary walls of adjacent cells Secondary Cell Wall the other cells add the secondary wall in between the plasma membrane and the primary wall Amphipathic having a hydrophilic section and a hydrophobic section Integral Proteins proteins which penetrate the hydrophobic core of the lipid bilayer Peripheral Proteins proteins that are not embedded in the lipid bilayer, but are loosely bound to the surface Glycoproteins carbohydrates covalently bonded to protein Glycolipid carbohydrates covalently bonded to lipid