| Term | Definition |
|---|
| अ | /a/ short or long schwa: as the a in above or ago |
| आ | /aa/ long open back unrounded vowel: as the a in father |
| इ | / i / short close front unrounded vowel: as i in bit |
| ई | / iː / long close front unrounded vowel: as i in machine |
| उ | / u / short close back rounded vowel: as u in put |
| ऊ | / uː / long close back rounded vowel: as oo in school |
| ऋ | /ri/ short syllabic vowel-like retroflex approximant: approximately as American English bird or meter |
| ऌ | / l / short syllabic vowel-like retroflex-lateral approximant: approx. as handle |
| क | /k/ unaspirated velar voiceless plosive; (k) |
| क़ | / q /, pronounced alone it is / q /, similar to the English queen; (q) |
| ख | / kh / as the c in English cat. Aspirated voiceless velar plosive; (kh) |
| ख़ | / x / the voiceless velar fricative as the ending of the German doch. Many incorrectly pronounce it as / kh / (ख) instead; (kh) |
| ग | /ga as in "girl"/; (g) |
| घ | /gha/; (gh) |
| च | /cha/; (ć, c) |
| छ | /chha/; (č) |
| ज | /ja/ (as in 'jug'); (j) |
| ज़ | / z /, pronounced alone it is / z /, similar to the English zip; (z) |
| झ | /jha/; (jh) |
| ट | /ta/ (as in table or tommy); (t')) |
| ठ | /tha/ (with a hard t); (th') |
| ड | (.d) |
| ढ | (d') |
| ण | (.n) |
| त | /between 'ta' and 'tha'/ (t is a little harder than the); (t) |
| थ | (th') |
| द | /d/; (d) |
| ध | /dh/; (dh) |
| न | /n/; (n) |
| प | /pa/ (as in painter); (p) |
| फ | /pha/ representing a heavily aspirated /p/ sound. It is a combination of sounds /p/ and /h/; (ph) |
| फ़ | / f /, pronounced alone it is / f /, similar to the English fish; (f) |
| ब | /ba/; (b) |
| भ | (bh) representing a heavily aspirated sound /b/. It is a combination of the sounds /b/ and /h/ |
| म | (m) |
| य | usually representing the sound / j /, often transliterated as y. Pronounced alone it is / j / like the beginning of the English word yum (y) |
| र | / r /, often transliterated as r. Pronounced alone it is / r / similar to the beginning of the English word run |
| ल | / l /, often transliterated as l. Pronounced alone it is / l / similar to the beginning of the English word love |
| व | often transliterated as v. Pronounced alone it is typically between the English v and w, though dialects range almost to each end of the spectrum between v and w |
| श | pronounced alone it is similar to the English ship; (ś) |
| ष | pronounced alone it is similar to the English ship, but with retroflex articulation; (ś) |
| स | / s /, pronounced alone it is / s /, similar to the English sun; (s) |
| ह | / h /, pronounced alone it is / h /, similar to the English hub; (h) |
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