| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Intestinal stage | Phase of digestion that begins once food enters into the small intestine; reflexes in the intestinal phase assist in slowing down the exit of chyme from the stomach so as to not overload the duodenum; only a small amount of nutrients are absorbed here |
| Gastric inhibitory peptide | Induces insulin secretion, which is primarily stimulated by hyperosmolarity of glucose in the duodenum |
| Secretin | Hormone secreted from the S cells of the small intestinal crypts of Lieberkuhn; secretin stimulates the flow of pancreatic juice that is rich in bicarbonates ions to buffer acidic chyme that enters the duodenum from the small intestine |
| Cholecystokinin | Hormone secreted from the CCK cells of the small intestinal crypts of Lieberkuhn in response to chyme containing amino acids from partially digested proteins and fatty acids from partially digested triglycerides; CCK stimulates scretion of pancreatic juice rich in digestive enzymes as well as stored bile in the gallbladder |
| Vomiting | The forcible expulsion of the contents of the upper GI tract (stomach and sometimes duodenum) through the mouth; strongest stimuli are irritation and distention in the stomach; other stimuli include unpleasant sights, anesthesia, dizziness, and certain drugs (e.g. morphine); can cause dehydration as well as damage to the esophagus and teeth |
| Vomiting center | Located in the medulla oblongata; recieves and propagates impulses to the upper GI tract organs, diaphragm, and abdominal muscles |
| Alkalosis | Caused by prolonged vomitting, especially in infants and elderly people |
| Islets of Langerhans | The 1% of remaining clusters in the pancreas that form the endocrine portion of the pancreas; these cells secrete the hormones glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide |
| Insulin | Hormone that helps blood lower blood glucose when it is too high through negative feedback |
| Glucagon | Raises blood glucose; acts on liver cells to accelerate the conversion of glycogen to glucose and promotes formation of glucose from lactid acid and certain amion acids |
| Somatostatin | Inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon and slows absorption of nutrients from the GI tract |
| Pancreatic polypeptide | Inhibits somatostatin secretion, gallbladder contraction, and secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes |
Combine with other sets
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