METABOLISM + NUTRITION
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191 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 functions of food | to supply energy to build and maintain body tissues to regulate body processes |
| nutrients required by body | water carbs lipids proteins minerals vitamins |
| nutrition | processes by which food is taken in, assimilated, and turned into tissue and usable material for growth and energy |
| difference between essential + non-essential nutrients | essential nutrients are not syntesized in the body non-essential nutrients can be made from other nutrients |
| glycogenesis | conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage |
| gluconeogenesis | formation of glucose from protein or fat compounds |
| anabolism | synthesis by cells of complex compounds from simpler compounds |
| metabolism | sum total of chemical reactions that occur within the body |
| catabolism | breakdown of complex compounds into simpler compounds |
| glucose | principle source of energy for cells |
| glycolysis | first step in the catabolism of glucose |
| where first step of glucose metabolism occurs | cytoplasm |
| where remaining steps of metabolism occur | mitochondria |
| enzymes | compounds that catalyze glucose metabolism reactions |
| hormones involved in glucose metabolism | insulin glucogen epinephrine growth hormone glucocorticoids thyroid hormone |
| calorie (kilocalorie) | energy content of foods |
| definition of calorie | amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water 1 degree C |
| under what conditions is basal metabloic rate BMR measured? | awake but resting postabsorptive state (12-18 hrs after last meal) in a comfortable warm environment |
| how AGE affects BMR | BMR increases to age 5 decreases thereafter |
| how SEX affects BMR | males have higher BMR than females |
| how BODY SIZE affects BMR | greater amount of surface area requires a higher BMR |
| how CAFFEINE affects BMR | increases BMR |
| how PREGNANCY affects BMR | increases BMR |
| how FEVER affects BMR | increases BMR |
| how THYROID HORMONE affects BMR | increases BMR |
| factors that determine total metabolic rate | *basal metabolic rate BMR *voluntary work *specific dynamic action of foods *environmental temperature |
| specific dynamic action of foods | the energy needed for metabolizing foods causes the metabolic rate to increase for several hours after a meal |
| area of brain important in regulating food intake | hypothalamus |
| regions of hypothalamus that have a direct influence on food intake | feeding center and satiety center of hypothalamus |
| most essential nutrient for body | water |
| extracellular fluid | fluid within the body but outside the cells |
| dehydration | condition resulting from excessive loss of water |
| interstitial fluid | fluid between the cells |
| intracellular fluid | fluid within the cells |
| approximate percentage of body weight in water | 60% |
| functions of water in the body | -solvent -transportation of materials -removing body waste -regulation of body temp -metabolic processes |
| amount of water lost daily + must be replaced | about 2 1/2 - 3 liters |
| sources of water | liquids foods metabolism |
| how water is lost | lungs (respiration) perspiration feces urine |
| the order water loss occurs from the fluid compartments of the body | 1. plasma 2. interstitial fluid 3. intracellular fluid |
| more common danger -- overhydration or dehydration? | dehydration |
| 4 calories/gram | carbs proteins |
| 9 calories/gram | lipids |
| broken down to monosaccharides | carbohydrates |
| broken down to amino acids | proteins |
| broken down to fatty acids + glycerol | lipids |
| can supply the body with energy | carbs lipids proteins |
| chemical composition of carbohydrates | carbon oxygen hydrogen |
| chemical composition of fats | carbon oxygen hydrogen |
| chemical composition of proteins | carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogen |
| glucose | monosaccharide |
| fructose | monosaccharide |
| galactose | monosaccharide |
| lactose | disaccharide |
| maltose | disaccharide |
| sucrose | disaccharide |
| cellulose | polysaccharide |
| glycogen | polysaccharide |
| starch | polysaccharide |
| complex carbohydrates | naturally occurring carbohydrates |
| refine carbohydrates | processed carbohydrates -- nutrients have been lost |
| end result of CARBOHYDRATE catabolism | carbon dioxide water energy |
| end result of CARBOHYDRATE anabolism | glycogen (stored in liver and muscles) triglycerides (stored in adipose tissue) |
| table sugar | sucrose |
| milk sugar | lactose |
| animal starch | glycogen |
| non-digestible carbohydrate | cellulose |
| form or carb stored in body | glycogen |
| form of carb carried in blood | glucose |
| compound formed from carbs for storage in adipose tissue | triglycerides |
| why fiber is necessary in human diet | necessary for proper functioning of digestive tract |
| problems linked to diet lacking in fiber | constipation appendicitis diverticulosis colon cancer |
| saturated fats | have single bonds between carbon atoms |
| unsaturated fats | have one or more double bonds (therefore, saturated fats hold more hydrogen atoms) |
| major source of saturated fats | foods of animal origin |
| major source of unsaturated fats | foods of plant origin |
| type of fat: CORN OIL | unsaturated |
| type of fat: LARD | saturated |
| type of fat: SUNFLOWER OIL | unsaturated |
| type of fat: BUTTER | saturated |
| type of fat: CREAM | saturated |
| type of fat: OLIVE OIL | unsaturated |
| process that converts saturated fat to unsaturated fat | hydrogenation |
| end result of LIPID catabolism | -fatty acids -glycerol, which can be oxidized to yield CO2, water, energy -ketone bodies, which can be oxidized to yield CO2, water, energy |
| result of accelerated fat catabolism | ketogenesis *occurs during starvation, diabetes mellitus, fasting, dieting |
| ketogenesis symptoms | *ketosis (elevated ketone bodies in blood) *acetone breath *ketonuria (ketone bodies present in urine) |
| products of LIPID synthesis | triglycerides cholesterol phospholipids prostaglandins |
| necessary component of lipid synthesis that cannot be produced by the body | essential fatty acids (unsaturated fatty acids) |
| forms in which lipids are transported by blood | -chylomicrons -lipoproteins -free fatty acids |
| product of lipid synthesis that is stored in adipose tissue | triglycerides |
| small at droplets present in blood during fat absorption | chylomicrons |
| produced mainly in liver | lipoproteins |
| blood levels of this increase whenever rate of fat catabolism increases | free fatty acids |
| LDLs | low density lipoproteins "bad" cholesterol |
| HDL | high density lipoproteins "good" cholesterol |
| lipid components of lipoproteins | triglycerides cholesterol phospholipids |
| good lipoproteins | HDLS |
| type of lipoproteins that increase with diet high in saturated fats | LDLs |
| lipoproteins associated with high incidence of atherosclerosis | LDLs |
| lipoproteins increased by exercise | HDLs |
| lipoproteins increased by smoking | LDLs |
| essential amino acid | cannot be synthesized by body |
| complete proteins | have all the essential amino acids present |
| incomplete proteins | lack one or more of the essential amino acids |
| major source of complete proteins | foods of animal origin |
| major source of incomplete proteins | foods of plant origin |
| complementary proteins | combining incomplete proteins to supply the body with the essential amino acids the amino acids missing from the proteins of one are supplied by the proteins of another |
| primary in protein metabolism: anabolism or catabolism? | anabolism |
| primary in carbohydrate metabolism: anabolism or catabolism? | catabolism |
| primary in lipid metabolism: anabolism or catabolism? | catabolism |
| result of protein anabolism | synthesis of tissue proteins, blood proteins, enzymes, hormones, etc. |
| component of protein anabolism that cannot be synthesized by body | essential amino acids (8 of them) |
| first step in protein catabolism | deamination |
| deamination | splitting off of an amino group (NH2) from an amino acid molecule |
| products of deamination | ammonia and keto acid |
| end results of protein catabolism | *ammonia is converted to urea and excreted in urine *keto acid may be oxidized to yield CO2, water, and energy or: - converted to glucose (gluconeogenesis), or: - converted to fat (lipogenesis) |
| equation for cellular respiration | C6 H12 O6 = 6O2 ------enzymes-----> 602 + 6H2O + ATP |
| calorie deprived condition, starvation | marasmus |
| condition caused by protein deficiency | kwashiorkor |
| nutrients that regulate body processes | proteins minerals vitamins |
| nutrients that supply body with energy | carbs lipids protein |
| end products of catabolism | CO2 - excreted by lungs water - excreted by lungs, kidneys, small intestine urea - excreted by kidneys |
| function of CARBOHYDRATES | supply energy |
| function of LIPIDS | supply energy build + maintain body tissues |
| function of PROTEINS | build + maintain body tissues regulate body processes supply energy |
| recommended % of daily calories from CARBOHYDRATES | 60% |
| recommended % of daily calories from LIPIDS | 30% |
| recommended % of daily calories from PROTEINS | 10% |
| functions of minerals | build and maintain body tissues regulate body processes |
| function of vitamins | regulate body processes |
| macro minerals | required in amounts of 100 mg/day or more |
| trace (micro) minerals | required in amounts less than 100 mg/day |
| fat soluble vitamins | A D E K |
| water soluble vitamins | B-complex C |
| vitamins stored in body tissues | fat soluble (A, D, E, K) |
| vitamins excreted in urine | water soluble (B-complex, C) |
| vitamins destroyed by light | water soluble (B-complex, C) |
| good sources for IRON | liver, meats, poultry, fish, legumes, dried fruits, eggs |
| good sources for VITAMIN A | liver, milk, cheese, eggs, dark green + yellow/orange veggies, fruits |
| good sources for VITAMIN C | citrus fruits, many other fruits and veggies |
| good sources for CALCIUM | dairy products, leafy vegetables, sardines |
| good sources for SODIUM | table salt, widespread in natural + processed foods |
| good sources for FLUORINE | fluoridated drinking water, tea, fish |
| good sources for VITAMIN D | sunlight on skin, fish liver oils, eggs, fortified foods |
| good sources for IODINE | iodized salt, seafood |
| good sources for PHOSPHORUS | dairy products, whole grains, legumes, nuts, fish, poultry, eggs |
| good sources for B-COMPLEX VITAMINS | whole grains, meats, fish, poultry, leafy vegetables |
| good sources for VITAMIN B12 | all animal products, especially liver |
| deficiency of thiamine (B1) | beriberi |
| deficiency of ascorbic acid (C) | scurvy |
| deficiency of calcium | osteoporosis |
| deficiency of niacin | pellagra |
| deficiency of vitamin D | rickets |
| deficiency of iodine | goiter |
| deficiency of fluorine | dental caries |
| deficiency of vitamin B12 | pernicious anemia |
| deficiency of calcium | tetany |
| deficiency of iron | nutritional anemia |
| deficiency of vitamin A | night blindness |
| deficiency of vitamin D | osteomalacia |
| deficiency of vitamin K, calcium | poor blood clotting |
| deficiency of riboflavin (vitamin B2) | lesions of mouth and tongue |
| result of over-consumption of vitamins | various toxicities, especially of fat soluble vitamins (because they are stored in body tissues) |
| toxicities identified with too much of these vitamins | A D E Niacin (a B vitamin) |
| 4 basic food groups | milk meat fruit + vegetable breads + cereals |
| adult RDA for milk group | 2 servings |
| adult RDA for meat group | 2 servings |
| adult RDA for fruit & vegetable group | 4 servings |
| adult RDA for bread & cereal group | 4 servings |
| 1 serving from milk group | 8 oz glass milk 1 c yogurt 1 1/2 oz cheese |
| 1 serving from meat group | 2-3 oz meat, poultry, fish 2 eggs 1 c cooked beans 4 T peanut butter 1/2 c nuts/seeds |
| 1 serving from fruit & vegetable group | 1 med size piece fruit 1 c raw veggies 1/2 c cooked veggies 1/2 c juice |
| 1 serving from bread & cereal group | 1 slice bread 1/2 c cooked cereal 1/2 c cooked pasta 1 c ready to eat cereal |
| RDA | "recommended daily allowances" safe and adequate amounts of specific nutrients (1980 list has 18) are established for 15 categories of individuals according to sex + age, with separate amounts established for pregnant or lactating women |
| organization that sets forth RDAs | Food and Nutrition Board of Nat'l Research Council reviewed every 5 years |
| avitaminosis K | vitamin K deficiency impaired blood-clotting occurs in children |
| beriberi | vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency peripheral nerve condition - diarrhea, fatigue, anorexia, edema, heart failure, limb paralysis, muscle atrophy |
| folate-deficiency anemia | folic acid deficiency blood disorder - decreased RBC count |
| iron-deficiency anemia | iron deficiency blood disorder - decreased size + pigmentation of RBCs |
| kwashiorkor | protein-calorie malnutrition adequate calories, deficient protein |
| marasmus | protein-calorie malnutrition deficient calories AND protein - true malnutrition |
| nyctalopia - night blindness | vitamin A deficiency failre to produce enough photopigment in rods of retina |
| osteomalacia | vitamin D, CA, and/or phosphorus deficiency - ADULTS adult form of rickets - reduced mineralization of bone tissue - softening of bones |
| pellagra | vitamin B3 (niacin) or tryptophan (amino acid) deficiency sun-sensitive scaly dermatitis, confusion, depression |
| pernicious anemia | vitamin B12 deficiency blood disorder - reduced # of RBCs - weakness, tingling, anorexia |
| PCM -- protein-calorie malnutrition | dietary deficiency of calories, esp protein i.e. kwashiorkor + marasmus |
| rickets | vitamin D, Ca, and/or phosphorus deficiency - KIDS juvenile form of osteomalacia - weakness + abnormal skeltal formation due3 to reduced mineralization of bone tissue |
| scurvy | vitamin C deficiency reduced manufacture and maintenance of collagen - weakness of gingiva, loosening of teeth, hemorrhaging (esp in skin and mucous membranes) |
| simple goiter | iodine (I) deficiency enlarged thyroid tissue b/c without iodine, thyroid is unable to make thyroid hormone - low thyroid hormone levels trigger hypersecretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone TSH by pituitary, which stimulates thyroid growth |
| zinc deficiency | zinc deficiency impaired healing + immunity, decreased alertness, smell, and taste, retarded growth |
| glycolysis | breakdown of glycogen to glucose |
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