Digestion and Absorption
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102 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Digestion | the breakdown and absorption of food |
| Herbivors | eath plant matter, some are monogastric and some are ruminants |
| Carnivores | eat flesh, all are monogastric |
| Omnivores | eat it all, all are monogastric |
| Monogastric | single chambered stomach |
| Ruminants | multichambered, usually 4 chambers, mixing and fermentation |
| Prehension | grasping of food with lips or teeth |
| Mastication | mechanical breakdown of food, mostly chewing |
| Oral Cavity or Buccal Cavity | where digestion begins |
| Salivary Glands | has digestive and lubrication fuction, most domestic animals have three matching pairs |
| Perotid salivary glands | below the ear canal, caudal to the mandible |
| Mandibular salivary glands | ventral to parotid glands at caudal angle of the madible |
| Lingual Salivary glands | sublingual salivary glands, medial to shafts of madible just under the base of the tounge |
| Sypathetic nervous system | causes decreased salivation |
| Parasypathetic nervous system | increases saliva output |
| Oropharynx | the opening at the back of the throat through which food and air pass |
| Upper Arcade | upper teeth, in maxilla and incisive bones |
| Lower Arcade | lower teeth, in the madible |
| Incisors | most rostral, front teeth, in incisive bone used for grasping |
| Canines | typically longer than other teeth with pointed tips, tearing |
| Premolars | rostral to molars, large occlusal surfaces, used for grinding and cutting |
| Molars | the most caudal, used for grinding |
| Lingual surface | inner surface of the lower arcade, faces the tongue (lingual refers to tongue) |
| Palatal Surface | innter surface of the upper arcade, faces the hard palate |
| Labial Surface | outer surface of the rostral teeth , faces the lips |
| Buccal Surface | outer surface of caudal teeth, faces the cheeks |
| Occlusal Surface | the surface used for chewing |
| Lower Case, Decidous teeth | baby teeth |
| Upper Case | permanent teeth |
| Carnassial teeth | the upper 4th premoler and the lower 1st molar (site of deep infection for dogs and are difficult to extract |
| Esophagous | a hollow tube that moves food towards the stomach |
| Lumen | the open space where food travels |
| Mucosa | the layer nearst the lumen, epithelial tissue and loose connective tissue |
| Submucosa | a thicker layer beneath the mucosa, gland and denser connective tissue |
| Muscle Layer | thick, has longitudinal and circular smooth muscle layers serves to propel material through the tract |
| Serosa | the outermost layer of the GI tract, thin tough connective tissue |
| Cardia | surrounding the opening of the esophagus, cirucular muscle maintains tone to reduce reflux of stomach material back into the esophagous |
| Fundus | blind pouch that expands as more food is swallowed |
| Body | middle of the stomach, also distensible |
| Cheif cells | produce pepsinogen, enzyme precursor for pepsin |
| Mucus Cells | produce protective mucus |
| I 3/3 C 1/1 P 4/4 M 2/3 | canine adult dental formula |
| I 3/3 C 1/1 P 3/2 M 1/1 | feline adult dental formula |
| Parietal or Oxyntic cels | produce HCI |
| Antrum | distal part that grinds up food and regulates hydrochloric acid |
| Pylorus | muscular sphincter that regulates the movement of ingesta from the antrum protion of the stomach to the duodenum (small intestines) , also helps to prevent backflow from duodenum back into the stomach |
| Lesser curvature of the stomach | the inside curvature |
| Greater curvature of the stomach | the outside curvature |
| Rugae | long muscular folds in the stomch lining which stretch , allow stomach to expand |
| Erosions | breaks in the stomch mucosa |
| Gastric Ulcers | deep erosions in the stomch mucosa |
| Gastritis | inflammation of the stomach |
| Chyme | semifluid partially digested food |
| Gastric Atony | inhibition of stomch movement from sypathetic nervous input, ie from illness or surgery |
| Enterogastric reflex | feedback loop from intestines |
| Gastrocolic reflex | filling of stomach triggers signal for colon to empty, great for housetraining |
| Secretin | released from the duodenum in response to excess stomach acid entering the small intestines |
| Cholecystokinin | released in response to excess fats or proteins present in the duodenum |
| Gastrin | causes increased HCL production & inhibits muscle activity of the fundus, greater relaxation and filling of the stomach |
| Pepsiongen/Pepsin | from chief cells, is the precurser for the proteolytic enzyme |
| Mucins | produced by goblet cells, main constituents of mucus coating which helps protect stomach lining |
| Bicarbonate Ion | secreted onto the surface of the stomach to make the mucus coat more alkaline and thereby protect stomach lining from the HCL |
| Hydrochloric Acid | produced by the parietal cells, starts breaking down food and converts pepsinogen to pepsin |
| Gastrin | stretching of the body or antrum by food stimulates release |
| Acetylcholine | from the parasympathetic nervous system , binds to recpetor on the parietal cell producing more HCL also causes more gastrin release |
| Duodenum | small intestine attached to the stomach |
| Jejunum | the longest portion of the smalls intestine |
| Ileum | connects to the large intestine at the ileocecal sphincter(junction of ileum and colan) |
| Cecum | blind pouch the sphincter regulates movement of material from teh small intestine to the colon |
| Mucosal layer | built for absorption, large surface area augmented by villi and microvilli |
| Villi | project off of the wall of the small intestine, finger like projections of the mucosa, each villus has thousands of microvilli |
| Microvillia (brush boarder) | cells in this have many digestive enzymes and carrier molecules embedded in their cell membranes for the digestion and absorption or nutrients, vitimins and minerals |
| Crypt | invagination around each villus, old cells are shed at the tip of the villus. The cells in this produce new cells to constantly replace old cells that are shed |
| Peristalsis | coordinated contractions of longitudinal and circular muscle which move ingests or chyme through the intestine |
| Segmental Contractions | Adequately mix chyme and expose fully to intestinal lining, slow movement, allow for water absorption. A lack of this movement causes diarrhea |
| Ileusa | a lack of peristalsis resulting in decreasesd movment of ingesta through the intestine, can be caused by disease and stress |
| Polysaccharides | starch, glycogen, sugars are complex carbohydrates |
| Amylase | and enzyme released by the pancreas, breaks down carbohydrates |
| Proteases | breaks down proteins into amino acids or dipeptides before they can be absorbed |
| 5 basic proteases | Etypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, aminopeptidase, carboxypeptidase |
| Emulsification or Micelle Formation | fats broken into smaller pieces, contractions of the stomach start the process |
| Triglycerides (fats) | need lipase for pancreas, fat digesting enzymes that penetrate the bile acid coating and break triglycerides down into glycerol, fatty acids, and monoglycerides |
| Liver | makes bile |
| Gall Bladder | stores bile |
| Bile Duct | carries bile from the gall bladder to the duodenum |
| Bile Acids | prevent fat from re-clumping, are secreated into the duodenum from the liver, these help to prevent the fat droplets from recombining into larger globules again. These have a hydrophobic end to hold onto fats, and a hydrophilic end to hold onto water, making fats more soluble |
| Lipases | fat digesting enzymes that penetrate the bile acid coating and break triglycerides down into glycerol, fatty acids, and monoglycerides |
| Fatty acids, Glycerol, and Monoclycerides | micelles which can be absorbed through the brush border |
| Large Intestine | water nad some electrolyte absorption, stores feces |
| Colon | 3 portions which then connects to the rectum |
| Rectum | terminal colon, stretching of the rectum stimulates defecation |
| Internal Sphincter | smooth muscle and under autonomic control |
| External Sphincter | skeletal muscle and under voluntary control |
| Liver | largest organ inside the body, considered an accessory organ to digestion, filtration and detoxification |
| Glycogenesis | the formation of glycogen from glucose |
| Glycogenolysis | the breakdown of glycogen back into glucose |
| Gluconeogenesis | the formation of glucose from amino acids |
| Pacreas | located in the curve of the duodenum |
| Exocrine Function | enzymes through ducts, fuction involves amylase, lipase, and proteases, also release bicarbonate into the duodenum to help maintain pH |
| Endocrine Function | hormoses, ductless, involves maintence of blood glucose levels through the use of insulin and glucagon |
| Insulin | secreted by beta cells in the islets of langerhans in the pancreas. Acts to move glucose from the blood into the cells. |
| Glucagon | pancreatic hormone produced in the alpha cells has the opposite effect, mobilzes glucose from the liver to preven hypoglycemia |
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