NBE MICROBIOLOGY
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Delawrence on October 27, 2010
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321 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Embalming | Process of chemically treating the dead human body to temporarily disinfect, preserve, and restore an acceptable physical appearance. |
| Sterilization | The process of completely removing or destroying all life-forms, endospores, or their products on or in a substance. |
| Disinfection | The destruction of vegetative pathogens by chemical or physical means by applying the disinfectant to an inanimate object. |
| Antisepsis | The process by which microbial growth is inhibited on living tissue to prevent infection. Destruction of vegetative pathogens on living tissue. |
| Scrubbing | Manual process by which microorganisms are removed from a surface. |
| Thermal death point | Lowest temperature at which all microorganisms are killed in 10 minutes. |
| Thermal death time | Minimum time it takes to kill all microorganisms present. |
| Decimal reduction time | Time in minutes it takes to kill 90% of the present microorganisms. |
| Incineration | Reduction of waste to a more manageable quantity and form, ashes. Both the vegetative bacteria and the bacterial endospore are inactivated during incineration. |
| Cremation | Human remains are placed in a retort, and a temperature of about 1600 degrees F (871 degrees C) is maintained until the remains have undergone complete combustion. |
| Dry heat | Kills microorganisms by coagulating the proteins they contain and breaking hydrogen bonds within the microorganisms. |
| Clostridium tetani | The bacterium that causes tetanus (lockjaw). |
| Clostridium perfringens | This enzyme breaks down red blood cells and induces some of the symptoms of gas gangrene. Tissue gas-producing anaerobic bacillus is responsible for true tissue gas (postmortem only). |
| Fractional sterilization | Items are placed in free-flowing steam for 30 minutes on successive days. |
| Steam under pressure | The most effective means of controlling microbial growth because pressure, temperature, and length of exposure can be controlled. |
| Ultraviolet (UV) light | A form of nonionizing radiation that can effectively control the growth of microorganisms placed directly in its path. |
| Sporicides | Agents that kill bacterial and mold spores, can also be used during the process of terminal disinfection of embalming instruments and equipment. |
| Germicides | Kills a variety of different types of microorganisms, but not necessarily their spores. |
| Bactericides | Kills bacteria but not necessarily their spores. |
| Fungicides | Kills both fungi and their spores. |
| Virucides | Kills viruses. |
| Insecticides | Kills insects. |
| Larvicides | Kills larvae, which are the wormlike forms of newly hatched insects. |
| Halogens | The six elements found in the next to the last column on the far right side of the periodic table. Fluorine, chlorine, bromine,and iodine. |
| Chlorine | Disinfects water supply, sewage, pools, bedpans, toilets, and floors. |
| Tincture | A solution of iodine and alcohol that is primarily used as an antiseptic. It does not kill endospores. |
| Iodophore | Compound of iodine and a surfactant such as a detergent that can slowly release the free iodine. |
| Alcohols | Widely used disinfectants that control microbial growth by denaturing proteins and by dissolving lipids in the cell membrane of microorganisms. |
| Aldehydes | Group of organic compunds that control microbial growth by reacting with the proteins in microorganisms and altering their chemical structure. |
| Formalin | 37% formaldehyde by mass and 40% by volume used as a disinfectant. |
| Glutaraldehyde | An effective disinfectant and is actually a cold chemical sterilant when activated in a 2 percent solution, which is germicidal in 10 minutes and kills endospores in 3 to 12 hours. |
| Carbolic Acid | Joseph Lister (1827-1912) first used phenol as a disinfectant. Phenol aka carbolic acid. |
| Cresols | Commonly used in mortuary disinfectants because they work well in the presence of other organic compounds. |
| Hexachlorophene | Only available with a prescription, but it is an ingredient in several commercial embalming chemicals. About 450 times more effective as a germicide than phenol. |
| Quaternary Ammonium Compounds | Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics that damage cellular membranes and denature microbial proteins. A group of disinfectants that are deactivated in the presence of soap and includes benzalkonium chloride. |
| Septicemia | Condition characterized by the multiplication of bacteria in blood; commonly known as blood poisoning. |
| Antigen | A foreign substance that stimulates the formation of antibodies that interact specifically with it. |
| Mechanical Vector | A living organism or an object that is capable of transmitting infections by carrying the disease agent on its external body part or surface. |
| Leptospira | Causative agent of leptospirosis. |
| Endotoxin | Bacterial toxin confined within the body of a bacterium freed only when the bacterium is broken down; found only in gram negative bacteria. |
| Reservoir | The natural habitat of a disease-causing organism. |
| Bacillus Anthracis | Causative agent of anthrax. |
| Resistance | The ability of an organism to defend itself against infection and disease; the sum total of body mechanisms that interpose barriers to the progress of invasion, multiplication of infectious agents, or damage by their toxic products. |
| Attenuation | Dilution or weakening of the virulence of a microorganism, reducing or abolishing pathogenicity. |
| Primary Infection | An original infection from which a second one originates. |
| True Pathogen | Real or genuine disease producing organism. |
| Pathogenicity | The state of producing or being able to produce pathological changes and disease. |
| Pathogen | A microorganism capable of producing disease. |
| Drug-fast | Resistant, as in bacteria, to the action of a drug or drugs. |
| Local Infection | Infection caused by germs lodging and multiplying at one point in a tissue and remaining there. |
| Exotoxin | A toxin, generally a protein, produced by a microorganism and excreted into its surrounding medium. |
| Contamination | The act of introducing disease germs or infectious material into an area or substance. |
| Francisella Tularensis | Causative agent of tularemia (rabbit fever). |
| Vibrio Cholerae | Causative agent of cholera. The disease is characterized by a profuse and watery diarrhea. |
| Toxemia | Blood distribution throughout the body of poisonous products of bacteria growing in a focal or local site, thus producing generalized symptoms. |
| Coxiella Burnetii | Causative agent of Q fever. |
| General Infection | An infection that becomes systemic. |
| Universal Precautions | Guidelines designed to protect workers with occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens. |
| Fomites | Any inanimate object to which infectious material adheres and can be transmitted. |
| Host | The organism from which a microorganism obtains nourishment. |
| Opportunist | An organism that exists as part of the normal flora but that can become pathogenic under certain conditions. |
| Secondary Infection | Infection caused by a different organism than the one causing the primary infection. |
| Rickettsia Typhi | Causative agent of typhus fever. Reservoir. Rodents. Transmission. Flea bite. |
| Focal Infection | An infection in which organisms are orginally confined to one area but enter the blood or lymph vessel and spread to other parts of the body. |
| Toxin | A poisonous substance of plant, animal, bacterial, or fungal origin. |
| Antibodies | Glycoprotein substances developed in response to and interacting specifically with an antigen; also known as immunoglobulins. |
| Rickettsia Rickettsii | Causative agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Reservoir. Rodents. Transmission. Tick bite. |
| Biological Vectors | An arthropod vector in which the disease-causing organism multiplies or develops within the arthropod prior to becoming infective for a susceptible individual. |
| Yersinia Pestis | Causative agent of plague. Reservoir. Rodents. Transmission. Flea bites. |
| Benzalkonium Chloride | A topical antiseptic used on the skin before surgery, in nasal sprays, and as a preservative in eye drops. |
| Salmonella Enteritidis | Causative agent of salmonellosis. |
| Bordetella Pertussis | Causative agent of whooping cough. |
| Bacillus Anthracis | Causative agent of anthrax. |
| Proteus Species | Causative agent of infections in burns. |
| Lipase | A bacterial enzyme that acts with the oils and fats secreted by the sebaceous glands allowing the bacteria to colonize in the skin. |
| Coagulase | A bacterial enzyme that causes blood to clot by converting fibrinogen into fibrin. |
| Legionella Pneumophilia | Causative agent of Legionnaire's disease. |
| Hyaluronidase | A bacterial enzyme that penetrates the body's connective tissues, permitting the easy spread of infection throughout the body. |
| Campylobacter jejuni | Causative agent of intestinal ulcers. |
| Eschar | An anthrax lesion characterized by a central mass of necrotic tissue surrounded by inflammatory vesicles. |
| Salmonella typhi | Causative agent of typhoid fever. |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | Causative agent of otitis media (about 35% of cases) |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Causative agent of tuberculosis. |
| Listeria monocytogenes | Causative agent of listeriosis. |
| Clostridium botulinum | Causative agent of botulism. |
| Helicobacter pylori | Causative agent of stomach ulcers. |
| Shigella species | Causative agent of bacillary dysentery. |
| Haemophilus influenzae | Causative agent of influenzal meningitis. |
| Straphylococcus aureus | Causative agent of toxic shock syndrome. |
| Mycobacterium avium | Causative agent of Mycobacterium Avium Complex. |
| Streptococcus agalacitae | Causative agent of meningitis in newborns. |
| Treponema pallidum | Causative agent of syphilis. |
| Borrelia burgdorferi | Causative agent of Lyme disease. |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | Causative agent of nosocomial respiratory infections. |
| Buboes | An inflamed, swollen, or enlarged lymph mode exhibiting suppuration, occurring commonly after infective disease due to absorption of infected material. |
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae | Causative agent of gonorrhea. |
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae | Causative agent of diphtheria. |
| Leptospira interrogans | Causative agent of leptospirosis. |
| Streptococcus pyogenes | Causative agent of scarlet fever. |
| Infection | The state or condition in which the body or a part of the body is invaded by a pathogenic agent that, under favorable conditions, multiplies and produces injurious effects. |
| Endogenous infections | Infections caused by bacteria that are normally nonpathogenic and that normally inhabit the digestive tract. |
| Exogenous infections | Infections caused by organisms not present in the body. |
| Communicable diseases | Those diseases that may be transmitted directly or indirectly from on individual to another. |
| Endemic diseases | Occuring continuously in a particular region but usually have a low mortality. |
| Sporadic diseases | Occuring occasionally or in scattered instances within a geographic region. |
| Epidemic diseases | Diseases that attack many people at the same time in the same geographic region. |
| Pandemic diseases | Diseases affecting the majority of the population of a large region or are epidemic at the same time in many different parts of the world. |
| Noncommunicable diseases | Diseases that don't spread from one person to another. |
| Abscess | A localized infection characterized by a collection of pus in any part of the body that results from disinegration or displacement of tissue. |
| Mixed infection | An infection caused by two or more organisms. |
| Viremia | The presence of viruses in the blood. |
| Bacteremia | The presence of bacteria in the blood. |
| Petechiae | Pinpoint bleeding. |
| Fibrinolysin | An enzyme capable of digesting fibrin threads in blood. |
| Endospore | A thick-walled cell produced by a bacterium to enable it to survive unfavorable environmental conditions. |
| Botox | A derivative of the botulin toxin produced C. botulinum. Injected directly into facial lines or other muscles (cramps), where it causes the muscles to relax. Gives relief for months. |
| Coccidioidmycosis | Causative agent,the fungus Coccidioides immitis. Endemic to the hot, dry, dusty areas of the Western Hemisphere. |
| Zoonoses | Diseases that are communicable from animals or animal products. |
| Necrobiosis | The process by which the epithelial layer of the skin continuously dies, sloughs off, and is replaced with new cells. |
| Neisseria meningitidis | Causative agent of meningococcal meningitis. |
| Escherichia coli | Causative agent of enteroinvasive E. coli or enterohemorrhagic E. coli |
| Natural active immunity | Developing a disease and recovering from it. |
| Natural passive immunity | The result of placental transfer of antibodies in the uterus, or from the transfer of antibodies in the mother's first breast milk, which is known as colostrum. |
| Malaria | A febrile disease of the blood characterized by chills and fever. It is caused by a protozoan and spread by Anopheles mosquito bite, which is a biological vector. |
| Candida albicans | Causative agent of candidiasis |
| Aspergillus fumigatus | Causative agent of aspergillosis |
| Microsporum | Jock itch (Tinea cruris) |
| Coccidioides immitis | Causative agent of coccidiodomycosis |
| tsetse fly | A blood-sucking fly that is found only in Africa and spreads trypanosomes that cause African sleeping disease |
| Yeasts | Fungi that are encapsulated and are unicellular |
| Giardia lamblia | Causative agent of giardiasis |
| Cryptosporidium parvum | Causative agent of cryptosporidiosis |
| Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense | Causative agent of East African sleeping sickness |
| Cryptococcus neoformans | Causative agent of fungal meningitis |
| Dimorphic | Fungi that alternate between unicellular and multicellular forms |
| molds | Fungi that are filamentous and multicellular |
| Fungi | A group of often filamentous unicellular and multicellular organisms lacking chlorophyll that usually bear spores |
| Entamoeba histolytica | Causative agent of amebic dysentery (amebiasis) |
| Epidermophyton | Athlete's foot (Tinea pedis) |
| Trichophyton | Scalp ringworm (Tinea capitis) |
| Plasmodium malariae | Causative agent of malaria |
| Histoplasma capsulatum | Causative agent of histoplasmosis (cave disease; spelunker's disease; Darling's disease; reticuloendothelial Cytomycosis) |
| Pneumocystis carinii | Causative agent of pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) (pneumocystosis) |
| Toxoplasma gondii | Causative agent of toxoplasmosis |
| dermatophytes | A wide variety of fungi that can infect the integumentary system |
| Trypanosoma brucei gambiense | Causative agent of West African sleeping sickness. |
| Parrot fever | A respiratory disease caused by Chlamydia psittaci |
| Mycoplasmas | Once thought to be viruses, these are actually the smallest free-living organisms in nature |
| Chlamydia psittaci | Causative agent of trachoma of the eye and causative agent of parrot fever. |
| Rocky Mountain spotted fever | A disease caused by Rickettsia rickettsii |
| Epidemic typhus | A disease caused by Rickettsia prowazekii |
| Mycoplasma pneumoniae | Also known as primary atypical pneumonia |
| Rickettsia | Short, nonmotile, gram-negative bacilli that are obligate intracellular pathogens. |
| Herpes simplex 2 virus | Causative agent of genital herpes; Sexually transmitted; Chronic painful blistering on genitals, flulike symptoms, fever, swollen glands |
| ornithosis | Also known as parrot fever or as ornithosis |
| Endemic typhus | Unlike other rickettsial infections, no rash is present in this disease |
| Chlamydia | Bacteria that grow only intracellularly |
| Trachoma | A chronic, contagious form of conjunctivitis that is one of the leading causes of blindness in the world |
| Chlamydia pneumoniae | Causative agent of chlamydial pneumonia |
| Ebola virus | Causative agent of Ebola hemmorrhagic fever; Body fluid contact; Acute fever, headache, arthritis, muscle pain, sore throat, weakness, diarrhea, vomiting, stomach pain, rash, red eyes, hiccups, internal and external bleeding |
| Dermatropic Diseases | Viral infections of the skin |
| Mad Cow disease | Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is commonly known as this |
| Poliovirus | Poliomyelitis (polio); Fecal-oral route, contaminated water; Sore throat, fever, nausea, vomiting, meningitis, paralysis |
| Herpes simplex 1 virus | Causative agent of cold cores; Oral or respiratory route; Cold sore lesion on mouth |
| Hepatitis | An inflammatory disorder of the liver caused by a virus (hepatitis viruses A, B, and C); Hepatitis B is spread through body fluid contact, it can lead to either a chronic liver disease or death |
| Spongiform encephalopathies | A genetic disorder within families that results from a mutation of the normal prion protein in the brain |
| Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) | A repiratory illness that has recently been reported in Asia, North America, and Europe |
| Varicella-zoster virus | Chicken pox (varicella virus); Inhalation of respiratory droplets; Lesions of the face, throat, lower back, chest, and shoulders that fill with pus and dry, forming crusting; Causative agent of shingles (zoster virus); Reactivation of varicella virus; Blistering of the waist, face, chest, and back that follows the sensory nerve paths and can lead to paralysis |
| Poliovirus | Causative agent of poliomyelitis |
| Rabies virus | Causative agent of hydrophobia; Animal bite or inhalation of aerosolized virus; Encephalitis, inability to swallow, paralysis |
| Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) | A progressive disease which causes spongiform-porous, like a sponge-degeneration of the brain believed to be caused by a prion. |
| AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) | An infectious disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in which the virus destroys the immune system and leaves the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections and malignancies. |
| Influenza | Viral infections of the respiratory tract |
| Common Cold | More than 200 different viruses are known to cause the symptoms of this disease |
| Congenital rubella syndrome | A form of birth defect that occurs when the mother becomes infected with the rubella virus in her first trimester |
| Hydrophobia | An acute, neurotropic, infectious disease caused by a rhabdovirus known as the rabies virus |
| Sheep Scrapie | A disease of sheep and goats that causes them to rub sores on their bodies |
| Rubella virus | Causative agent of German measles; Inhalation of respiratory droplets; Red spots and fever that can lead to encephalitis |
| Influenza virus | Causative agent of the flu; Inhalation of respiratory droplets; Fever, chills, headache, cough, sore throat, extreme fatigue |
| Hepatitis A virus | Causative agent of infectious hepatitis; Fecal-oral route or ingestion of contaminated water or food; Anorexia, fatigue, nausea, diarrhea, fever, jaundice, chills |
| Hepatitis B virus | Causative agent of serum hepatitis; Contaminated body fluids; Chronic or fatal, causing scarring and hardening of the liver, jaundice, liver cancer, or liver failure |
| Mononucleosis | An infectious inflammatory disease caused by the Epstein-Barr virus |
| Variola virus | Causative agent of smallpox; Respiratory route; Characteristic pox lesions of the skin and organs |
| Neurotropic diseases | Viral infections of the central nervous system |
| Rubeola virus | Causative agent of measles; Inhalation of respiratory droplets; Red spots on face, trunk, and extremities that can lead to encephalitis; symptoms are more severe than in German measles |
| Epstein-Barr virus | Causative agent of mononucleosis (kissing disease; college disease); Transfer of saliva; Infection of the parotid salivary glands, fever, sore throat, fatigue |
| Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) | Causative agent of AIDS; Sexually transmitted, sharing IV drug needles; Failure of immune system |
| Mumps Virus | Causative agent of epidemic parotitis; Inhalation of respiratory droplets; Swelling of parotid salivary glands, fever, painful swallowing, orchitis, meningitis, pancreatitis, inflammation of ovaries |
| Cytomegalovirus (CMV) | Incusion disease; Contact with body secreations such as saliva, urine, semen, vaginal secretions, and breast milk; Fetal birth defects; in adults symptoms sometimes include prolonged fever and mild hepatitis |
| Gardnerella vaginalis | Bacterial vaginosis |
| Candida albicans | yeast infection |
| Chlamydia trachomatis | Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU), also known as nonspecific urethritis (NSU), refers to any inflammation of the urethra not caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. |
| Human papilloma virus (HPV) | Genital warts |
| Pthirus pubis | crabs |
| Treponema pallidum | syphilis |
| Trichomonas vaginalis | Trichomoniasis |
| Proteus vulgaris | Generalized decomposition |
| Salmonella enteritidis | Salmonella food poisoning (Salmonellosis) |
| Kuru | A prion disease in isolated New Guinea tribes. Transmitted by contact with brain and tissue of dead victims, now declining as practices that led to this contact decline. |
| Monotrichous | Bacterium has one flagellum |
| Amphitrichous | Bacterium has one flagellum at either end of its cell |
| Lophotrichous | Bacterium has two or more flagella on either end of its cell |
| Peritrichous | Bacterium has flagella distributed over its entire cell |
| Artificial active immunity | The result of a vaccination |
| Artificial passive immunity | The result of the injection of antibodies in the form of immune serums. |
| Virulence | Relative power and degree of pathogenicity possessed by organisms to produce disease |
| Otitis Media | This infection is caused by bacterial contaminated water, eardrum puncture, or skull fracture resulting in ear ache caused by pus behind the ear drum |
| Bactericidal | Treatment of a bacterium which ends in killing the organism. |
| Bacteriostatic | Treatment of a bacterium which hinders the organism's ability to grow without necessarily killing it. |
| Obligate (strict) aerobes | Can only live in the presence of oxygen because they need oxygen to metabolize sugars |
| Obligate (strict) anaerobes | Microbes that can only survive in an environment devoid of oxygen. i.e., Listeria, Clostridium botulinum, C. perfringens |
| Microaerophilic organisms | Require little free oxygen (2% to 10%) |
| Facultative organisms | Capable of adjusting to changes in oxygen levels in their environment. |
| Aerotolerant organisms | Can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen |
| Mucosal leishmaniasis | Deadly flesh eating leishmania parasites. Can be deadly if spreads to face by obstruction of breathing and eating. Found in Asia, Europe and South America. Biological vector Sand Fly. |
| Furuncle | An abscess due to pyogenic infection of a sweat gland or hair follicle |
| Carbuncle | Several communicating boils of the skin and subcutaneous tissues with the production and discharge of pus and dead tissue |
| Lymphogranuloma venereum | Chlamydia trachomatis; Sexual contact; 75% of female and 50% of male cases are asymptomatic; blister appears on genitals, rupture and painlessly heal; enlargemant of regional lymph nodes with pus |
| St. Vitus' dance | In approximately 10% of the cases of rheumatic fever, a condition known as Sydenham's chorea develops. Characterized by purposeless, involuntary movements during waking hours. |
| Meningitis in newborns | Ingestion of raw milk. Lethargy, jaundice, respiratory distress, shock, pneumonia, anorexia |
| orchitis | Inflammation of the testicles |
| oophoritis | Inflammation of the ovaries |
| Kaposi's sarcoma | A common skin and blood vessel cancer found in cases of HIV infection |
| Prokaryotes | No nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelles (cell components that perform particular functions). DNA in these cells usually forms a single chromosome, which floats within the cytoplasm. |
| Eukaryotic | Cells contain membrane-bound intracellular organelles, including a nucleus. The DNA within these is organized into chromosomes. |
| Taxonomy | Seeks to organize living things into groups based on morphology, or genetics. |
| Carolus Linnaeus | Author of Systema Nature in 1735 |
| Kingdom Monera | Prokaryotic Organisms |
| Domain Eukaryota | Kingdom Protista; Kingdom Fungi; Kingdom Animalia; Kingdom Plantae |
| Endocytic | The ability of a cell to take in substances from its environment |
| Hyphae | Long filamentous structures |
| Protozoa | One-celled organisms of the kingdom Protista; most are unicellular although some are colonial |
| Encephalitis virus | Encephalitis; Mosquito bite; Chills, fever, headache, confusion, coma |
| Hantavirus | Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome; Inhalation of virus from infected rodents; Fatigue, fever, muscle aches, headache, dizziness, chills, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, coughing, dyspnea |
| Hepatitis C virus | Non-A, Non-B hepatitis (NANB) Blood transfusion; Similar to hepatitis B |
| West Nile virus | West Nile encephalitis; Mosquito bite; Inflammation of nervous system |
| Encephalitis | Inflamation of the brain |
| Meningitis | Inflammation of the membranes around the brain and the spinal cord |
| meningoencephalitis | Inflamation of the brain and the membrane surrounding it |
| Microbiology | What is the study of those life forms that require the aid of a microscope to be seen ? |
| Morphology | What is the science of structure and form without regard to function ? |
| binary fission | Bacteria typically reproduce by a process called: |
| Sterilization | The process of completely removing or destroying all microorganisms on a substance by exposure to chemical or physical agents, exposure to ionizing radiation, or by filtering gas or liquids through porous materials that remove microorganisms called: |
| Infection | The state or condition in which the body, or part of it, is invaded by a pathogenic agent that, under favorable conditions, multiplies and produces injuries effects is called: |
| Antigen | A substance that induces the formation of antidodies that interact specifically with it is a(n): |
| clostridium | obligate anaerobes with endospores C. botulinium, C. tetani and C. perfringens - flaccid paralysis; the genus of the organism with the pathogenicity of tetanus or lockjaw: |
| mycoplasma | certain types of cells that have no walls or have very little wall material; their plasma membranes are unique among bacteria in having lipids called sterols, which are thought to help protect them from lysis (rupture). The causative organism in primary atypical pneumonia is: |
| rickettsia | pathogen, obligate intracellular parasite. (has to live inside a host cell) animal bite. Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Arthropod borne infection. They are: |
| chlamydia | a sexually transmitted disease, the most common in developed countries, caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. Often producing no symptoms, it can cause infertility, chronic pain, or a tubal pregnancy if left untreated. |
| virus | disease-causing substance too small to be seen through a microscope |
| giardiasis | a disease that results from an infection by the protozoan parasite Giardia Intestinalis, caused by drinking water that is either not filtered or not chlorinated. The disorder is more prevalent in children than in adults and is characterized by abdominal discomfort, nausea, and alternating constipation and diarrhea. |
| entamoeba histolytica | - Fecal/oral transmittion by ingestion of mature cysts - Cysts turn into trophpzoites in GI (move by pseudopodia) - Replicate by binary fission - Hematophagous (diagnostic) - Cysts are excreted back into environment - Can be asymptomatic - Can cause GI issues (bloody diarrhea, dysenteyr, colitis, etc) - Can infect extra-intestinal sites (liver, lungs, brain) |
| trichinosis | infestation by trichina larvae that are transmitted by eating inadequately cooked meat (especially pork) |
| antibiotics | Viruses are unaffected by the action of: |
| strict saprophyte | An organism that feeds on dead organic matter only is a: |
| active immunity will be established | Which of the following is true concerning a child who has been diagnosed with Rubeola ? |
| nose and mouth | Pneumococci usually leaves the body through the |
| The vagina is more acidic and supports the growth of the fungi that causes yeast infections | Why do yeast infections occur more frequently in the vagina than other areas of the body ? |
| Fungi | Which of the following types of microorganisms would be most likely to survive in the dry air of the American Southwest ? |
| Mesophiles | Which of the following are bacteria that perfer moderate temperatures and grow best between 25 degress C and 40 degress C (77 to 104 degress F) ? |
| Obligate parasites | Which of the following terms describes the need for viruses, viroids, and prions to live only in a host cell due to thier lack of internal structures that produce energy or utilize nutrients ? |
| Obligate saprophytes | Which of the following refers to organisms that only survive on dead or decaying organic matter ? |
| Mutualism | Two different species live in close association to the mutual benefit of each other |
| Antagonism | The inhibition of one microorganism's growth by the presence of another |
| obligate aerobes | Microorganisms that can only live in the presence of oxygen |
| heterotrophic bacteria | Bacteria that require complex organic nutrients from a carbon source to grow and develop |
| Autotrophic bacteria | Self-nourishing bacteria capable of growing in the absence of organic compounds |
| Gram-positive bacteria | They have a cell wall composed of few lipids; They are more permeable to basic dyes; They are killed easily by penicillin and sulfonamide drugs |
| Glycocalyx | Which of the following is a sticky, gelatinous coating that surrounds the cell wall of prokaryotic cells ? |
| Coccus | Bacteria shaped like a sphere are known as which of the following ? |
| Spirillum | Which of the following refers to bacteria with a spiral or helical shape ? |
| Bacillus | bacteria shaped like a rod |
| Flagella | Long, whiplike, filament-containing appendages that propel bacteria |
| spirochete | Bacteria that are surrounded by an axial filament and have a shape similar to a flexible corkscrew |
| Capsule | An organized and firmly attached outer coating on some prokaryotic cells |
| Quaternary Ammonium compounds | Which of the following types of disinfectants includes benzalkonium chloride ? (a group of disinfectants that are deactivated in the presence of soap) |
| Autoclaves | Which of the following physical methods of sterilization incorporates both free-flowing steam and pressure |
| Joseph Lister | First to use phenol as a treatment for wound infections |
| Lysozyme | Which of the following is a chemical enzyme in the body that uses water to break down the peptidoglycan layer in prokaryotic pathogens ? |
| Skin and mucous membranes | Which of the following portals of exit and entry allow the spread of pathogens causing tetanus, malaria, African sleeping sickness, typhoid fever, tuberculosis, dysentery, rabies, typhus fever, and bubonic plague ? |
| Vector | Which of the following is a carrier, usually an insect or other arthropod, that transmits the causative organisms of disease from infected to noninfected individuals |
| Asiatic cholera | Vibrio Cholerae |
| Tissue Gas | Clostridium perfringens |
| Rabbit fever | Francisella Tularensis |
| Whooping cough | Bordetella pertussis |
| Scarlet fever | Streptococcus pyogenes |
| A chancre appears on the genitals | Which of the following is characteristic of the primary stage of syphilis ? |
| Lyme disease | Which of the following diseases is characterized by a bull's-eye rash ? |
| Leptospirosis | Which of the following diseases is caused by a spirochete ? |
| Diphtheria | Which of the following diseases is characterized by sore throat, fever, fatigue, swelling of the neck, and a tough grayish pseudomembrane in the throat ? |
| Endocarditis, urinary infections, and respiratory illness after contact with infected sheep | Corynebacteria have been shown to cause which of the following types of infections in humans ? |
| Murine typhus | Rickettsia typhi |
| Walking pneumonia | Mycoplasma pneumoniae |
| Parrot fever | Chlamydia psittaci |
| Rocky mountain spotted fever | Rickettsia rickettsii |
| Q fever | Coxiella burnetii |
| Mycoplasma pneumoniae | Which of the following mircoorganisms has a characteristic fried-egg appearance ? |
| Rocky Mountain spotted fever | Which of the following diseases is characterized by the presence of a measles-like rash on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet ? |
| Epidemic typhus | In which of the following diseases might the tongue be covered with a white fur, or discolored black and rolled up in the back of the mouth ? |
| Chlamydia | Which of the following microorganisms undergoes both an infectious stage of growth and a noninfectious stage of growth ? |
| Mycoplasmas | Which of the following microorganisms is the smallest free-living organism in nature ? |
| Cold sores | Herpes simplex 1 virus |
| Measles | rubeola virus |
| Mononucleosis | Epstein-Barr virus |
| Smallpox | Variola virus |
| German measles | Rubella virus |
| Viscerotropic | Viruses that affect organs |
| Shingles | viral disease that affects the peripheral nerves and causes blisters on the skin that follow the course of the affected nerves; also called herpes zoster |
| smallpox | The first vaccine was developed by Edward Jenner, and it was a vaccine for which of the following ? |
| Mumps | Orchitis and sterility can result from which of the following diseases ? |
| Hepatitis B | Which of the following types of hepatitis is spread through contact with blood and body fluids ? |
| East African sleeping disease | Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense |
| Thrush | Candida albicans |
| PCP | Pneumocystis carinii |
| fungal meningitis | Cryptococcus neoformans |
| amebic dysentery | Entamoeba histolytica |
| mosquitoes | Malaria is spread through which of the following vectors ? |
| Tineas | Which of the following refers to fungal infections of the skin, hair, and nails ? |
| Toxoplasmosis | Which of the following diseases is spread through handling contaminated cat feces ? |
| East and West African sleeping disease (Protozoan Glosssina, tsetse fly ) | Which of the following microorganisms causes African trypanosomiasis and is spread by the tsetse fly ? |
| Giardiasis | A diarrheal illness caused by that parasitic protozoan Giardia lamblia and characterized by intestinal cramping and diarrhea; The most commonly identified waterborne illness in the United States ? |
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