Chapter 30
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Created by:
swimbikerun2013 on October 27, 2010
Subjects:
plant diversity 2; the evolution of seed plants
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37 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 integuments | layer of sporophyte tissue that envelop and protect the megasporangium; one surrounds gymnosperm megaspores; two around angiosperms |
| ovule | the whole structure of-megasporangium, megaspore, and their integument(s); inside each a female gametophyte develops from a megaspore and produces one or more egg cells |
| pollen grains | what microspores develop into; contain the male gametophytes of seed plants; protected by a tough coat containing the polymer sporopollenin; can be carried away from their parent plant by the wind or hitchhiking on other moving organisms |
| pollination | the transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules |
| pollen tube | when a pollen grain germinates (grows); discharges two sperm into the female gametophyte within the ovule |
| seed | what a whole ovule develops into; consists of the embryo, along with a food supply, packaged within a protective coat derived from the integument(s); enables plants bearing them to better resist the harsh enviroments and to disperse offspring more widely |
| conifers | part of gymnosperms that are cone-bearing plants such as pines, firs, and redwoods |
| progymnosperms | extinct seedless vascular plants that may be ancestral to seed plants |
| flower | an angiosperm structure specialized for sexual reproduction; insects and other animals transfer pollen from one to the female sex organs of another (makes pollination more directed); a specialized shoot that can have up to four rings of modified leaves called floral organs |
| floral organs | sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels |
| sepals | the organs that is at the base of the flower which are usually green and enclose the flower before it opens; sterile floral organ |
| petals | above the sepal; brightly colored in most flowers and aid in attracting pollinators; wind-polinating flowers generally lack colorful parts; sterile floral organ |
| whorl | found in petal where the fertile sporophylls, floral organs can produce spores; of floral organs- attached to receptacle |
| stamens | one of the whorls of sporophylls; the microphylls that produce microspores that give rise to pollen grains containing male gametophytes; consists of filaments and anthers |
| filaments | a stalk that makes up stamens |
| anther | a terminal sac that makesup stamens where pollen in produced |
| carpels | one of the whorls of sporophylls; megasporophylls which make megaspores and their products- female gametophytes; many angiosperms have flowers with mulitples of these; some have a single one (garden peas) |
| stigma | foudn at the tip of a carpel; recieves pollen |
| style | the stalk of the flower's carpel, with the ovary at the base and the stigma at the top |
| ovary | found at the base of the carpel which contains one or more ovules; if fertilizes, it develops into a seed |
| receptacle | part of the stem where whorls are attached to |
| pistil | a singe carpel or a group of fused carpels |
| fruit | typically consists of a mature ovary, although it can include other flower parts as well; the product when the ovary thickens; protect dormant seeds and aid in their dispersal; begins to develop after pollination triggers hormonal changes that cause the ovary to grow; if a flower is not pollinated, it usually does not develop ; can be either fleshy or dry; can be categorized according to whether they develop from a single ovary, from mulitple, or even more than one flower |
| pericarp | what the wall of the ovary develops into which is a thickened wall of the fruit; layers can be soft or dry |
| generative cell | part of a pollen grain which has two haploid cells; divides into two sperm |
| tube cell | produces a pollen tube |
| embryo sac | a female gametophyte that is found within an ovule; consists of only a few cells, one is the egg |
| cross-pollination | a mechanism used by self-pollinating flowers; in angiosperms, it is the tranfer of pollen from an anther of a flower on one plant of the same species; enhances genetic variation; may cause stamens and carpels to mature at different times |
| micropyle | a pore in the integuments of the ovule; pollen tube penetrates through it; discharges two sperm cells into female gametophyte (embryo sac); one fertilizes the egg, forming a diploid zygote; the other fuses with the two nuclei in the large central cell of the female gametophyte |
| double fertilization | type of angiosperm unique to angiosperms; occurs from two sperm cells: one fertilizes the egg, forming a diploid zygote; the other fuses with the two nuclei in the large central cell of the female gametophyte; function- synchronizes the development of food storage in the seed with the development of the embryo; also occurrs in gymnosperms |
| cotyledons | a seed leaf of an angiosperm embryo; some species have one while other have two |
| endosperm | tissue rich in starch and other food reserves; develops from the nucleus of the central cell of the female gametophyte repeatedly dividing |
| monocots | species with one cotyledon; typically have parallel leaf veins; examples include orchids, palms, and grain crops |
| dicots | species wiht two cotyledon; veins of most have a netlike pattern; examples include roses, peas, sunflowers, and maples |
| eudicots | the vast majority of species traditionally called dicots; translated as "true" dicots |
| basal angiosperms | one of the three lineages from dicots; appear to include the flowering plants belonging to the oldest lineages |
| magnoliids | another lineage from dicots that evolved after basal angiosperms |
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