1.
"All or none principle": applies to muscle fibers and motor units either it contracts or it doesn't, Either the action potential occurs or it doesn't, this is called the?
2.
A band: where myosin is; dark band
3.
acetylcholin: vesicles dump this so that the axon terminal has a way to communicate with the motor end plate.
4.
acetylcholinesterase: An enzyme that breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
5.
acquired reflex: reflex that is learned following repeated exposure to a stimulus
6.
actin: thin filaments of a muscle
7.
action potential: causes a voltage charge which occurs in the plasma membrane of the neuron
8.
Afferent nerves: carry impulses toward the CNS
9.
Alzheimer's Disease: progressive degenerative brain disease
10.
anterior gray horns: contain neurons concerned with somatic motor neurons
11.
aponeurosis: a sheet of fibrous tissue binding muscles together or muscle to bone
12.
arachnoid mater: middle meningeal layer
13.
Astrocytes: Abundant star shaped cells found throughout the CNS, cleaning up debris in the extracellular space and removing neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft, connects neurons to nearby cappilaries, components of the blood-brain barrier
14.
Atrophy: any weakening or degeneration (especially through lack of use)
15.
autonomic nerve: nerve that carries fibers to internal organs
16.
Autonomic Nervous System: The involuntary branch of the nervous system (divided into Sympathetic and Parasympathetic divisions), the part of the nervous system of vertebrates that controls involuntary actions of the smooth muscles and heart and glands
17.
Autonomic reflexes: smooth muscle regulation, heart and blood pressure regulation, regulation of glands, digestive system regulation
18.
Axon terminal: The endpoint of a neuron where neurotransmitters are stored.
19.
Axons: conduct impulses away from the cell body
20.
brachial plexus: consists of ventral rami C5-T1; innervates the pectoral girdle and upper limbs; nerves in this plexus originate from cords or trunks
21.
calcium pump: Active transport protein; pumps calcium ions across a cell membrane against their concentration gradient.
22.
cauda equina: inferior extension of the ventral and dorsal roots and the filum terminale in the vertebral canal
23.
central canal: located on the spinal cord on the horizontal bar of the H
24.
central gray matter: surrounds the central canal in the spinal cord and contains cell bodies of neurons and glial cells
25.
central nervous system: spinal cord and brain
26.
Cerebral Edema: Swelling from the inflammatory response; may compress and kill brain tissue
27.
Cerebrospinal Fluid: Similar to blood plasma composition, formed by the choroids plexus, forms a watery cushion to protect the brain, circulated in the arachnoid space, ventricles, and central canal of the spinal cord
28.
cerebrospinal fluid: acts as a shock absorber and used for spinal tap
29.
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA): commonly called a stroke, the result of a ruptured blood vessel supplying a region of the brain
30.
cervical enlargements: expanded regions with increased gray matter to provide innervation of the pectoral girdle and upper limbs
31.
cervical plexus: consists of the ventral rami of C1-C4 and some fibers from C5; innervates the muscles of the neck, thoracic cavity and diaphragm
32.
coccygeal ligament: formed where the spinal dura mater tapers from a sheath to a dense cord of collagen fibers that ultimately blend with components of filum terminale
33.
Complete Tetanus: if stimulation frequency is high enough, muscles never BEGIN to relax and is continuous contraction
34.
concentric: contraction in which the tension exceeds the load and the muscle shortens
35.
concentric or eccentric: isotonic contractions can be either...
36.
Concussion: Slight Brain injury; no permanent brain damage
37.
contraction phase: begins as Calcium bind to troponin and myosin "cross bridge" bind to actin and power strokes are occurring; lasts about 15msec
38.
Contusion: Nervous tissue destruction occurs; but does not regenerate
39.
conus medullaris: where the spinal cord tapers to a conical tip, which is at or inferior to the level of the first lumbar vertebrae (L1)
40.
Cranial Nerves: 12 pairs of nerves that mostly serve the head and neck
41.
creatine: A substance, stored in the muscles, that helps supply energy for muscle contraction and can be taken as a supplement or created by your own body. this is a way to store ATP in the muscle.
42.
cross bridge: The connection of a myosin head group to an actin filament during muscle contraction (the sliding filament theory).
43.
Dendrites: conduct impulses toward the cell body
44.
denticulate ligaments: • Lateral extensions of pia mater that pass through the arachnoid layer and attach to the internal surface of the dura mater • Function to anchor the spinal cord
45.
Depolarization: a stimulus depolarizes the neurons membrane
46.
dorsal ramus: provides sensory/motor innervation to the skin and muscles of the back
47.
dorsal root: contains the axons of the sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglion; each segment of the spinal cord is associated with a pair of these
48.
dorsal root ganglia: contains sensory neuron cell bodies, each segment of the spinal cord is associated with a pair of these
49.
dural mater: tough, fibrous outermost layer of the spinal cord; caudally it forms the coccygeal ligament with the filum terminale
50.
eccentric contraction: contraction in which tension is less than the load and the muscle lengthens
51.
Efferent nerves: carry impulses away from the CNS
52.
endomysium: connective tissue that enclose a single muscle cell
53.
endoneurium: inner layer of connective tissue on the spinal nerve; composed of delicate connective tissue fibers that surround individual axons
54.
Enteric Division: complex networks of neurons in the digestive tract, pancreas, and gallbladder; normally regulated by the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system
55.
Ependymal cells: Type of neuroglial cell found in the ventricles, circulate cerebrospinal fluid
56.
epidural space: separates the dura mater from the inner walls of the vertebral canal
57.
Epimysium: connective tissue that covers the entire muscle
58.
epineurium: outermost layer of connective tissue on the spinal nerve; a dense network of collagen fibers
59.
fascicle: bundle of muscle fibers
60.
fast fibers: white fibers; large in diameter, contain densely packed myofibrils and large glycogen reserves and relatively few mitochondria
61.
fast, slow, and intermediate fibers: Skeletal muscle contain 3 types of fibers. What are they?
62.
filum terminale: a strand of fibrous tissue, originating at the conus medullaris and extending through the vertebral canal to the second sacral vertebra, ultimately becoming part of the coccygeal ligament
63.
four major nerve plexuses: cervical, brachial, lumbar and sacral plexuses
64.
functions of spinal cord: integrates and processes information on its own, in addition to relaying information to and from the brain
65.
Ganglia: collections of the cell bodies outside the central nervous system
66.
gray commissures: posterior and anterior to the lateral canal; contain axons of interneurons that cross from one side of the cord to the other
67.
Gray Matter: cell bodies and unmylenated fibers
68.
gray ramus: exits the autonomic ganglion, carries axons that innervate glands and smooth muscles in the body wall or limbs back to the spinal nerve
69.
H zone: The region at the center of an A band of a sarcomere that is made up of myosin only and gets shorter during muscle contraction.
70.
horns: projections of gray matter toward the outer surface of the spinal cord
71.
I band: contains only thin filaments
72.
Incomplete Tetanus: ______is repeated stimulation of the muscle so that the muscle is never allowed to completely relax. will yield increased tension is produced
73.
innate refelx: genetically determined reflex
74.
intermediate fibers: combination of fast and slow fibers.
75.
Interneurons: Found in neural pathways in the central nervous system; connect sensory and motor neurons
76.
isometric contraction: tension never exceeds the load and the muscle length never changes
77.
isotonic contraction: involving muscular contraction in which tension increases and the muscle length changes
78.
isotonic or isometric: Contractions can be classified as...
79.
latent period: begins at stimulation and typically lasts 2msec and continues until calcium is released from the terminal cisternae
80.
latent period, contraction phase, and relaxation phase: 3 phases of a muscle twitch
81.
lateral gray horns: contain visceral motor nuerons
82.
lumbar enlargements: expanded region of the spinal cord with increased gray matter to provide innervation of the pelvic girdle and lower limbs
83.
lumbar plexus: contains fibers from spinal segments T12-L4; originates from the posterior abdominal wall and ventral rami of nerves supplying the pelvic girdle and lower limbs
84.
Meningeal layer: outer covering of the brain
85.
meningeal layers: dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
86.
Meninges: Dura mater - double-layered external covering (Periosteum and Meningeal Layer)
87.
Microglia: Spider-like phagocytes; dispose of debris, smallest neuroglial cells; phagocytic cells that enculf cellular debris, waste products and pathogens. increase in number as a result of infection or injury
88.
mixed nerve: contains both sensory and motor fibers
89.
Mixed Nerves: both sensory and motor fibers
90.
motor end plate: The portion of the cell membrane at the neuromusclar junction; essentially the postsynaptic membrane at the synapse.
91.
motor neuron: this carries information from the brain to the muscles; also called "efferent"
92.
Motor neurons: carry impulses from the central nervous system
93.
motor unit: a motor neuron and all the muscle cells it stimulates
94.
multiple motor unit summation: The strength of a muscle contration is determinded not only by the frequency of stimulation, but also by the number and size of motor units recruited, The number of motor units that are recruited is determined by the number of motor neurons that are stimulated by the central nervous system
95.
myofibril: long organelle found within muscle cell
96.
myosin: thick filaments of a muscle
97.
nerve plexus: complex, interwoven network of nerves
98.
neural reflex: rapid, autonomic, involuntary motor response to stimuli
99.
Neurofibrils: intermediate cytoskeleton that maintains cell shape, bundles of intermediate filaments (neurofilaments); maintain shape
100.
neuromuscular junction: the junction between a nerve fiber and the muscle it supplies
101.
neurotransmitter: chemical used by a neuron to transmit an impulse across a synapse to another cell
102.
Nissl substance: specialized rough endoplasmic reticulum for the nerve
103.
Nodes of Ranvier: gaps in myelin sheath along the axon
104.
Nuclei: clusters of cell bodies within the white matter of central nervous system
105.
nuclei: groups of neuron cell bodies in spinal cord gray matter
106.
Ogliodendrocytes: Produce myelin sheath around nerve fibers in the central nervous system (CNS)
107.
Parasympathetic Division: (housekeeping activities) conserves energy, maintains daily nevessary body functions (D's digestion, defecation, and diuresis)
108.
perimysium: connective tissue covering surrounding each muscular fascicle
109.
perineurium: middle layer of connective tissue on the spinal nerve; partions the nerve into a series of bundles (fascicles) and conveys blood vessels into each individual fiber
110.
Periosteum: attached to the surface of the skull
111.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS: Nerves and ganglia outside the CNS (everything else)
112.
pia mater: innermost meningeal layer; bound firmly to the underlying neural tissue
113.
posterior gray horns: contain somatic and visceral sensory nuclei
114.
power stroke: The step in the sliding filament theory during which myosin undergoes a conformational change to its low energy state, in the process dragging the thin filaments (and the attached Z lines) toward the center fo the sarcomere.
115.
Primary motor area: sends impulses to skeletal muscles
116.
Protection of the CNS: Scalp and Skin, SKull and vertebral column, Meninges
117.
quadriplegia: loss of sensation and motor control of the upper and lower limbs
118.
rami communicantes: white and gray rami, collectively
119.
receptor: specialized cell that monitors conditions in the body or external environment; has a characteristic range of sensitivity
120.
Red muscles: muscle primarly made up of slow fibers, which have endurance.
121.
reflex: helps preserve homeostasis by rapidly adjusting the functions of organs or organ sytems
122.
relaxation phase: Calcium is being actively transported back into the terminal cisternae causing calcium levels to fall, active sites on Actin are being re-covered by tropomyosin, and tension falls to resting levels: lasts about 25msec
123.
release/reactivate energy in myosin and active transport for calcium into terminal cisternae: ATP is used to what during muscle contractions?
124.
sacral plexus: contains fibers from spinal segments L4-S4; originates from the posterior abdominal wall and ventral rami of nerves supplying the pelvic girdle and lower limbs
125.
sarcolemma: plasma membrane of a muscle fiber
126.
sarcomere: contractile unit of muscle
127.
sarcoplasmic reticulum: releases calcium
128.
Satellite cells: Protect neuron cell bodies and provide nutrition to the cell bodies
129.
Schwann cells: Supporting cells of the peripheral nervous system responsible for the formation of myelin. Wrap around one neuron at a time
130.
sciatic nerve: largest nerve in the body
131.
Sensory neurons: carry impulses from the sensory receptors
132.
slow fibers: red fibers; half the diameter of fast fibers and take about 3x as long to contract after stimulation; surrounded by extensive capillaries; therefore higher supply of oxygen; contain myoglobin (reserve of oxygen)
133.
sodium potassium pump: A special transport protein in the plasma membrane of animal cells that transports sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell against their concentration gradients.
134.
somatic reflex: reflex which controls skeletal muscle contractions
135.
Somatic Reflexes: activaiton of skeletal muscles
136.
Somatic sensory area: recieves impulses from the body's sensory receptors
137.
spinal meninges: a series of specialized membranes that provide physical stability and shock absorption for neural tissues of the spinal cord
138.
spinal nerve: location where sensory and motor fibers unite, emerging from intervertebral foramina; distal to each dorsal root ganglion. is considered a mixed nerve
139.
Spinal Nerves: pair of nerves at each vertebrae for a total of 31 pairs
140.
spinal reflex: reflex in which important interconnections and processing occur inside the spinal cord; range from monosynaptic to polysynaptic
141.
subarachnoid space: internal to the arachnoid mater; contains cerebrospinal fluid
142.
subdural space: internal to the inner surface of the dura mater; separates the dura from the arachnoid mater
143.
Sympathetic division: norepinephrine and epinephrine neurotransmitters, Fight-or-Flight, response to unusual stimulus (E's exercise, excitement, emergency, and embarrassment)
144.
Synapse: junction between nerves
145.
Synaptic Cleft: gap between adjacent neurons
146.
synaptic cleft: synaptic gap or synaptic space; tiny gap between the terminal of one neuron and the dendrites of another neuron (almost never touch); location of the transfer of an impulse from one neuron to the next
147.
synaptic vesicles: release neurotransmitters which then bind with a dendrite receptor site
148.
T Tubule: narrow tubes that are continuous with the sarcolemma and extend into the sarcoplasm
149.
tendon: attaches muscle to bone
150.
terminal cisternae: enlarged areas of the sarcoplasmic reticulum surrounding the transverse tubules, which store calcium for release at the start of muscle contraction
151.
treppe: repeated stimulation after relaxation phase has completed in a muscle. Can occur over the next 30-50 stimulations.
152.
triad: 2 terminal cisternae and one T-Tubule.
153.
tropomyosin: A helical protein that winds around actin helices in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells to form the thin filament of the sarcomere.
154.
troponin: a smaller calcium-binding protein attached to the tropomyosin
155.
ventral ramus: supplies ventrolateral body surface, body wall structures and limbs
156.
ventral root: contains axons of somatic motor neurons and sometimes visceral motor neurons that control peripheral effectors; each segment of the spinal cord is associated with a pair of these
157.
vertebra sections: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral
158.
visceral (autonomic) reflex: controls the activities of smooth and cardiac muscles and glands
159.
wave summation: increased tension resulting from increasing frequency of stimulation
160.
white matter: divided into six columns (funiculi), each containing tracts (fasciculi)
161.
white matter: peripherally situated; contains large numbers of myelinated and unmyelinated axons organized into tracts and columns
162.
White muscles: muscle primarily made up of fast fibers, which have no endurance.
163.
white ramus: first branch of spinal nerve in the thoracic and upper lumber region; contains myelinated axons going to an autonomic ganglion
164.
Z line: boundary of a sarcomere, point of anchor for thin actin filaments
