Chapter 15: How Genes Work

5 Written Questions

1. process by which RNA is made form a DNA template
2. refers to mutation, allele, or trait that results in an increase in an individual's fitness
3. one of three mRNA triplets (UAG, UAA, UGA) that stops protein synthesis.
4. referring to any mutation that has no effect on an individual's fitness.
5. hypothesis that one gene is responsible for making one protein (enzyme that catalyzes a specific reaction).

5 Matching Questions

1. triplet code
2. knock-out allele (null allele)
3. silent mutation
4. karyotype
5. messenger RNA (mRNA)

1. a mutant allele with no function
2. b A mutation that doesn't detectably affect the phenotype of the organism
3. c distinctive appearance of all chromosomes in an organism including length, number, and banding patterns.
4. d three nucleotide long codon that codes for a specific amino acid.
5. e RNA molecule that carries encoded information (transcribed from DNA) that specifies an amino acid sequence for a polypeptide.

5 Multiple Choice Questions

1. ordered series of chemical reactions that can either break down or build up a particular molecule.
   1. central dogma
   2. translocation
   3. beneficial
   4. metabolic pathway
2. 3 nucleotide sequence that codes for an amino acid, or initiates/terminates protein synthesis
   1. codon
   2. inversion
   3. start codon
   4. neutral
3. mutation where a segment of a chromosome breaks off from the rest of the chromosome, flips and joins the chromosome in the opposite orientation.
   1. codon
   2. inversion
   3. neutral
   4. translation
4. an enzyme of retroviruses (RNA viruses) that can synthesize double stranded DNA from a single strand of RNA template.
   1. transcription
   2. deleterious
   3. reverse transcriptase
   4. translocation
5. when information encoded in genes are formed into an active product such as proteins
   1. inversion
   2. genetic screen
   3. gene expression
   4. deleterious

5 True/False Questions

1. start codon → 3 nucleotide sequence that codes for an amino acid, or initiates/terminates protein synthesis

   True        False

2. deleterious → any muttation or allele that reduces an individual's fitness.

   True        False

3. translocation → process by which proteins and peptides are made from mRNA.

   True        False

4. translation → process by which ribosome moves down an mRNA molecules during translation

   True        False

5. central dogma → referring to any mutation that has no effect on an individual's fitness.

   True        False