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Akkadians They were the first empire to rule Mesopotamia after the Sumerians. aqueducts a pipe or channel that brings water from distant places artisan a craftsperson Assyrians rose to power in 900 B.C.E. and were known for their military might astronomy the study of stars and planets Bas-relief a sculpture in which the image projects out from a flat surface http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2442/3634040441_9e289131b5.jpg Canal an artificial waterway of artificially improved river used for travel, shipping, or irrigation. http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2037/1588958010_100035317c.jpg capital a city that is the center of government City-State an early city that was like a small, independent country with its own laws and government. It consisted of the land around it, the walls and the city civilization a society marked by developed arts, sciences, government, and social structure culture a characteristic of civilization that includes the beliefs and behaviors of a society or group of people cuneiform This is the Sumerian form of writing that uses wedge-shaped marks and is considered to be the world's oldest economy the way a region or country uses resources to produce and sell or trade goods and services to meet people's needs and wants. Empire a large territory in which several groups of people are ruled by a single leader or government Fertile Crescent This is a crescent-shaped strip of fertile land that stretches from the Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf floods This is the major problem faced by the people of ancient Mesopotamia Hammurabi a king of Babylon, a small city-state in central Mesopotamia, who conquered all of Mesopotamia Hammurabi's Code of Laws a collection of laws and rules written by Hammurabi based on his own authority and the word of gods Iraq This is the modern day country that holds most of ancient Mesopotamia Irrigation system a means of supplying land with water. http://farm1.staticflickr.com/78/206762199_73a8d6388f.jpg Levee a wall of earth built to prevent a river from flooding its banks. http://farm1.staticflickr.com/39/83605857_3ed1b24856.jpg merchant a person who makes money by selling goods Mesopotamia (means "land between the rivers") in ancient times, the geographic area located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Moat a ditch dug as a fortification and usually filled with water http://farm2.staticflickr.com/1382/4724931823_d323336b57.jpg Nebuchadnezzar II a king who reigned from 605-562 B.C.E. Neo-Babylonian Empire the "new" Babylonian control over Mesopotamia after the Assyrians were defeated pictographs a symbol that stands for an object http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3558/3580157785_2fb6d5dd8a.jpg priests Other than the king, these were very high ranking members of Sumerian civilization scribe This is a member of Sumerian society that could read and write. They often recorded business transactions and listed historical dates siege a military blockade and attack on a city to force it to surrender social structure the way a civilization is organized stele an upright slab of stone with letters to depict important events http://farm1.staticflickr.com/232/490902905_5c11d9f280.jpg Sumer This is the birthplace of what historians consider the world's first cities located in the southern part of Mesopotamia Sumerians ancient people who lived in the geographic region of Sumer. surplus this is the term describing having more food than what is needed technology the use of tools and other inventions for practical purposes Tigris and Euphrates This is the name of the two rivers that run through Mesopotamia tributes wealth sent from one country or ruler to another as a sign that the other is superior ziggurat Are ancient Sumerian temples that were like pyramids and had outside staircases and a shrine at the top. It was made by putting terraces on top of each other http://farm5.staticflickr.com/4065/4679007236_9aedfea057.jpg