5 Written Questions

1. -carry instructions from CNS to peripheral effectors
   -via efferent fibers (axons)
2. wallerian degeneration - axon distal to injury degenerates
   schwann cells - form path for new growth; wrap new axon in myelin
3. somatic nervous system (SNS) -
   autonomic (visceral) nervous system (ANS) -
4. -'switch' - if info is strong enough, switch is turned on
5. also, local potentials
   
   -changes in transmembrane potential that cannot spread far from site of stimulation
   -any stimulus that opens a gated channel; produces a graded potential

5 Matching Questions

1. two types of cells of nervous tissue
2. intro to neuroglia
3. type C fibers
4. transmembrane potential of an excitable membrane
5. four steps in the generation of action potentials

1. a 1. depolarization to threshold
   2. activation of Na+ channels
   -rapid depolarization
   -Na+ ions rush into cytoplasm
   -inner membrane changes negative to positive
   3. inactivation of Na+ channels, activation of K+ channels
   -at +30 mV
   -inactivation gates close (Na+ channel inactivation)
   -K+ channels open
   -repolarization begins
   4. return to normal permeability
   -K+ channels begin to close
   -when membrane reaches normal resting potential (-70 mV)
   -K+ channels finish closing
   -membrane is hyperpolarized to -90 mV
   -transmembrane potential returns to resting level
   -action potential is over
2. b voltage regulated channels -
   -excitable membrane
3. c
4. d -unmyelinated
   -small diameter
   -slow speed
   -carry slower information
   -e.g. involuntary muscle, gland controls
5. e neuron - perform all communication, information processing, control functions of nervous system
   neuroglia - momma cells, nourish, clean up others; preserve physical and biochemical structure of neural tissue and are essential to survival and function of neurons

5 Multiple Choice Questions

1. -does not happen very often
   -occurs when neurotransmitter cannot recycle fast enough to meet demands of intense stimuli
   -synapse inactive until ACh is replenished
   1. dendrite
   2. synapse
   3. synaptic terminals
   4. synaptic fatigue
2. -maintain blood-brain barrier (isolates CNS)
   -control interstitial environment
   1. dendrite
   2. neuron
   3. astrocytes
   4. neuroglia
3. -are transmitted from presynaptic neuron
   -to postsynaptic neuron (or other postsynaptic cell)
   -across a synapse
   1. peripheral nerves
   2. graded potential (more info)
   3. action potential (nerve impulses)
   4. autonomic nervous system
4. other than acetylcholine
   
   norepinephrine (NE) - released by adrenergic synapses; excitatory and depolarizing effect; widely distributed in brain and portions of ANS
   
   dopamine - a CNS neurotransmitter; may be excitatory or inhibitory
   
   serotonin - a CNS neurotransmitter; affects attention and emotional states
   
   gamma aminobutyric acid - GABA; inhibitory effect; functions in the CNS
   1. other neurotransmitters
   2. effect of a neurotransmitter
   3. two classes of neurotransmitters
   4. neurotransmitter
5. -found in brain and sense organs
   -small
   -all cell processes look alike
   1. anaxonic neurons
   2. neuron
   3. intro to neuroglia
   4. interneurons

5 True/False Questions

1. graded potential (more info) → -multiple locations
   -many stimuli, arrive at multiple synapses

   True        False

2. neuromuscular junction → synapse between neuron and muscle

   True        False

3. overview of neural activities → other than acetylcholine
   
   norepinephrine (NE) - released by adrenergic synapses; excitatory and depolarizing effect; widely distributed in brain and portions of ANS
   
   dopamine - a CNS neurotransmitter; may be excitatory or inhibitory
   
   serotonin - a CNS neurotransmitter; affects attention and emotional states
   
   gamma aminobutyric acid - GABA; inhibitory effect; functions in the CNS

   True        False

4. nerve regeneration in CNS → -limited by chemicals released by astrocytes that
   -block growth
   -produce scar tissue

   True        False

5. synapse → presynaptic cell - neuron that sends message
   postsynaptic cell - cell that receives message
   synaptic cleft - small gap that separates the presynaptic membrane and the postsynaptic membrane

   True        False