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abdominal ultrasound the use of very high-frequency sound waves to provide visualization of the internal organs of the abdomen abdominocentesis (paracentesis) insertion of a needle or trocar into the peritoneal cavity to remove excess fluid, with the person in a sitting position achalasia decreased mobility of the lower two-thirds of the esophagus along with constriction of the lower esophageal sphincter acute bronchitis a type of bronchitis usually caused by viral infection that usually resolves without treatment anal fistula an abnormal passageway in the skin surface near the anus usually connecting with the rectum anorexia lack or loss of appetite anoxemia abnormally low oxygen content in arterial blood anoxia the near absence of oxygen anthracosis accumulation of carbon deposits in the lungs due to breathing smoke or coal dust; black lung disease; also called worker's pneumonconiosis aphagia a condition characterized by the loss of the ability to swallow as a result of organic or psychologic causes aphthous stomatitis small inflammatory noninfectious ulcerated lesions occurring on the lips, tongue, and inside the cheeks of the mouth, also called canker sores apnea temporary cessation of breathing appendectomy the surgical removal of an inflamed appendix appendicitis the inflammation of the vermiform appendix asbestosis a lung disease resulting from inhalation of asbestos particles ascites an abnormal intraperitoneal (within the peritoneal cavity) accumulation of fluid containing large amounts of protein and electrolytes asthma paroxysmal dyspnea accompanied by wheezing caused by a spasm of the bronchial tubes or by swelling of their mucous membrane atelectasis Failure of full expansion of the lung at birth or a collapse thereafter of the lung barium enema (BE) infusion of a radiopaque contrast medium, barium sulfate, into the rectum and held in the lower intestinal tract while x-rays are obtained of the lower GI tract barium swallow (Upper GI - UGI) oral administration of a radiopaque contrast medium, barium sulfate, which flows into the esophagus as the person swallows borborygmus an audible abdominal sound produced by hyperactive intestinal peristalsis bradypnea abnormally slow breathing bronchiectasis chronic dilation of a bronchus or bronchi, with secondary infection that usually involves the lower portion of the lung bronchitis inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bronchial tubes often preceded by the common cold bronchogenic carcinoma a malignant lung tumor that originates in the bronchi; lung cancer Bronchoscopy examination of the interior of the bronchi using a lighted, flexible tube known as a bronchoscope (or endoscope) byssinosis a lung disease resulting from inhalation of cotton, flax, and hemp; also known as brown lung disease celiac disease nutrient malabsorption due to damaged small bowel mucosa Chest X-Ray the use of high energy electromagnetic waves passing through the body onto a photographic film, to produce a picture of the internal structures of the body for diagnosis and therapy cholecystectomy the surgical removal of the gull bladder cholecystitis inflammation of the gallbladder choledocholithiasis the presence of gallstones in the common bile duct cholelithiasis Abnormal presence of gallstones in the gallbladder chronic bronchitis a type of bronchitis usually associated with cigarette smoking or pollution COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COLD chronic obstructive lung disease cirrhosis a disease of the liver that is chronic and degenerative causing injury to the hepatocytes colonoscopy the direct visualization of the lining of the large intestine using a fiberoptic colonoscope colorectal cancer the presence of a malignant neoplasm in the large intestine colorectal polyps a fleshy growth occurring on the lining of the colon or rectum colostomy the surgical creation of a new opening on the abdominal wall through which the feces will be expelled (an abdominal-wall anus) by bringing in incised colon out to the abdominal surface constipation difficulty in passing stools, or an incomplete or infrequent passage of hard stools coryza inflammation of the respiratory mucous membranes, known as the common cold, which is an upper respiratory tract infection cough a forceful and sometimes violent expiratory effort preceded by a preliminary inspiration. The glottis is partially closed, the accessory muscles of expiration are brought into action, and the air is noisily expelled Crohn's disease digestive tract inflammation of a chronic nature causing fever, cramping, diarrhea, weight loss, and anorexia croup a childhood disease characterized by a barking cough, suffocative and difficult breathing, stridor, and laryngeal spasm defecation the act of expelling feces from the rectum through the anus deglutition swallowing dental caries tooth decay caused by acid-forming micro-organisms diarrhea the frequent passage of loose, watery stools dietitian an allied health professional trained to plan nutrition programs for sick as well as healthy people diphtheria serious infectious disease affecting the nose, pharynx, or larynx, usually resulting in sore throat, dysphonia, and fever; caused by the bacterium corynebacterium diphtheriae, which forms a white coating over the affected airways as it multiplies diverticular disease an expression used to characterize both diverticulosis and diverticulitis diverticulitis inflamed outpouchings or herniations of the muscular layer of the intestine diverticulosis noninflamed outpouchings or herniations of the muscular layer of the intestine, typically the sigmoid colon dysentery a term used to describe a painful intestinal inflammation typically caused by ingesting water or food containing bacteria, protozoa, parasites, or chemical irritants dyspepsia - indigestion a vague feeling of epigastric discomfort felt after eating dysphagia difficult in swallowing, commonly associated with obstructive or motor disorders of the esophagus dysphonia difficulty in speaking; hoarseness dyspnea air hunger resulting in labored or difficult breathing, sometimes accompanied by pain emaciation excessive leanness caused by disease or lack of nutrition emesis the material expelled from the stomach during vomiting; vomitus emphysema a chronic pulmonary disease characterized by increase beyond the normal in the size of air spaces distal to the terminal bronchiole, either from dilation of the alveoli or from destruction of their walls empyema pus in a body cavity, especially in the pleural cavity (pyothorax); usually the result of a primary infection in the lungs emulsify to disperse a liquid into another liquid, making a colloidal suspension endoscopic cholecystectomy the removal of the gallbladder using a minimally invasive endoscope endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) a procedure that examines the size of and the filling of the pancreatic and biliary ducts through direct radiographic visualization with a fiberoptic endoscope extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) An alternative treatment for gallstones by using ultrasound to align the computerized lithotripter and source of shock waves ith the stones epistaxis hemorrhage from the nose; nosebleed eructation the act of bringing up the air from the stomach with a characteristic sound through the mouth, belching esophageal varices swollen, twisted veins located in the distal end of the esophagus esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) the process of direct visualization of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum using a lighted fiberoptic endoscope expectoration the act of spitting out saliva or coughing up materials from the air passageways leading to the lungs flatus, flatulence air or gas in the intestine that is passed through the rectum fluoroscopy a radiological technique used to examine the function of an organ or a body part using a fluoroscope gastric analysis study of the stomach contents to determine the acid content and to detect the presence of blood, bacteria, bile, and abnormal cells gastric lavage the irrigation, or washing out, of the stomach with sterile water or a saline solution gastroenterologist a medical doctor who specializes in the study of the diseases and disorders affecting the gastrointestinal tract including the stomach, intestines, gall bladder, and bile duct gastroesophageal reflux (disease) - GERD a backflow of contents of the stomach into the esophagus that is often the result of incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter gavage a procedure in which liquid or semiliquid food is introduced into the stomach through a tube hematemesis vomiting blood hemoptysis expectoration of blood arising from the oral cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchi, or lungs hemorrhoidectomy the surgical removal of hemorrhoids hemorrhoids a permanently distended vein in the distal rectum or anus during pregnancy hepatitis acute or chronic inflammation of the liver due to a viral or bacterial infection, drugs, alcohol, toxins, or parasites hernia an irrectular protrusion of tissue, organ or a portion of an organ through an abnormal break in the surrounding cavity's muscular wall herniorrhaphy a term to describe the surgical repair of a hernia by closing the defect using sutures, mesh, or wire herpetic stomatitis inflammatory infectious lesions in or on the oral cavity in or on the oral cavity occurring as a primary or secondary viral infection caused by herpes simplex hyaline membrane disease also known as respiratory distress syndrome of the premature infant (RDS); severe impairment of the function of respiration in the premature newborn. Rarely present in a newborn of greater than 37 weeks' gestation or in one weighting at least 5 pounds hypercapnia increased amount of carbon dioxide in the blood hypoxemia insufficient oxygenation of the blood hypoxia deficiency of oxygen icterus a yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and sclera of the eyes, caused by greater than normal amounts of bilirubin in the blood; also called jaundice ileus a term used to describe an obstruction of the intestine influenza a highly contagious viral infection of the respiratory tract transmitted by airborne droplet infection; also known as the flu intestinal obstruction complete or partial alteration in the forward flow of the contents in the small or large intestines intussusception telescoping of a portion of the proximal intestine into the distal intestine usually in the ileocecal region causing an obstruction irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) spastic colon, increased motility of the small or large intestinal wall resulting in abdominal pain, flatulence, nausea, anorexia, and the trapping of gas throughout the intestines jaundice a yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and sclera of the eyes, caused by greater than normal amounts of bilirubin in the blood Kussmaul respirations very deep, gasping type of respiration associated with severe diabetic acidosis laryngitis inflammation of the larynx, usually resulting in dysphonia (hoarseness), cough, and difficulty swallowing Laryngoscopy examination of the interior of the larynx using a lighted, flexible tub known as a laryngoscope lavage the process of irrigating or washing out an organ, usually the bladder, bowel, paranasal sinuses, or stomach for therapeutic purposes liver biopsy a piece of liver tissue is obtained for examination by inserting a specially designed needle into the liver through the abdominal wall lobectomy the surgical removal of a lobe of any organ (e.g. lung, liver, brain) Lung Scan the visual imaging of the distribution of ventilation or blood flow in the lungs by scanning the lungs after the patient has been injected with or has inhaled radioactive material mastication chewing, tearing or grinding food with the teeth while it becomes mixed with saliva melena abnormal, black, tarry stool containing digested blood nasogastric intubation (NG tube) nasogastric tube placement through the nose into the stomach for the purpose of relieving gastric distension by removing gastric secretions, gas, or food nausea unpleasant sensation usually preceding vomiting nonproductive (unproductive) cough a cough that is not effective at bringing up sputum nutritionist an allied health professional who studies and applies the principles and science of nutrition open cholecystectomy the removal of the gallbladder through an incision into the ventral cavity oral leukoplakia a precancerous lesion occurring anywhere in the mouth orthopnea an abnormal condition in which a person sits up straight or stands up to breathe comfortably pancreatitis an acute or chronic destructive inflammatory condition of the pancreas percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) a surgical procedure to place a tube into the stomach for direct feeding peptic ulcers a break in the continuity of the mucous membrane lining of the gastrointestinal tract as a result of hyperacidity or the bacterium Helicobacter pylori percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) or (PTHC) an examination of the bile duct structure using a needle to pass directly into an intrahepatic bile duct to inject a contrast medium periodontal disease a term used to describe a group of inflammatory gum disorders, which may lead to degeneration of teeth, gums, and sometimes surrounding bones peristalsis the coordinated rhythmic, serial contraction of smooth muscle that forces food through the digestive tract, bile through the bile duct, and urine through the ureters peritonitis inflammation of the peritoneum (the membrane lining the abdominal cavity) pertussis an acute upper respiratory infectious disease, caused by the bacterium Bordetella Pertussis pharyngitis inflammation of the pharynx, usually resulting in sore throat phlegm Thick, sticky, stringy mucus secreted by the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract, as during a cold or other respiratory infection pleural effusion accumulation of fluid in the pleural space, resulting in compression of the underlying portion of the lung, with resultant dyspnea pleural rub friction rub caused by inflammation of the pleural space pleuritis (pleurisy) inflammation of both the visceral and parietal pleura pneumonectomy surgical removal of a lung pneumonia inflammation of the lungs caused primarily by bacteria, viruses, and chemical irritants pneumothorax a collection of air or gas in the pleural cavity. The air enters as the result of a perforation through the chest wall or the pleura covering the lung productive cough a cough that is effective at bringing up sputum pruritus ani a common chronic condition of itching of the skin around the anus pulmonary edema swelling of the lungs caused by an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the lungs, either in the alveoli or the interstitial spaces pulmonary embolism the obstruction of or or more pulmonary arteries by a thrombus (clot) that dislodges from another location, and is carried through the venous system to the vessels of the lung Pulmonary Function Tests (PFT) a variety of tests to assess respiratory function pulmonary heart disease (cor pulmonale) hypertrophy of the right ventricle of the heart (with or without failure) resulting from disorders of the lungs, pulmonary vessels, or chest wall; heart failure resulting from pulmonary disease rales an abnormal sound heard on auscultation of the chest, produced by passage of air through bronchi that contain secretion or exudate or that are constricted by spasm or a thickening of their walls regurgitation the backward flow from the normal direction, as the return of swallowed food into the mouth. rhinitis inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose, usually resulting gin obstruction of the nasal passages, rhinorrhea, sneezing, and facial pressure or pain rhinorrhea thin watery discharge from the nose rhonchi rales or rattlings in the throat, especially when it resembles snoring saliva the clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary and mucous glands in the mouth silicosis a lung disease resulting from inhalation of silica (quartz) dust, characterized by formation of small nodules sinusitis inflammation of the sinus, especially a paranasal sinus sneeze to expel air forcibly through the nose and mouth by spasmodic contraction of the muscles of expiration due to irritation of nasal mucosa sputum material expectorated from the mouth Sputum specimen a specimen of material expectorated from the mouth steatorrhea greater than normal amounts of fat in the feces stool analysis for occult blood the analysis of a stool sample to determine the presence of blood not visible to the naked eye stool culture collection of a stool specimen placed on one or more culture mediums and allowed to grow colonies of microorganisms to identify specific pathogen(s) stool guaiac a test on a stool specimen using guaiac as a reagent, which identifies the presence of blood in the stool stridor harsh sound during respiration; high pitched and resembling the blowing of wind, due to obstruction of air passages sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) the completely unexpected and unexplained death of an apparently well, or virtually well, infant. It is also known as crib death and is the most common cause of death between the second week and first year of life tachypnea abnormal rapidity of breathing Thoracentesis the use of a needle to collect pleural fluid for laboratory analysis, or to remove excess pleural fluid or air from the pleural space thrush a fungal infection in the mouth and throat producing sore, creamy white, slightly raised curd-like patches on the tongue and other oral mucosal surfaces; caused by Candida albicans tonsillectomy Removal of the tonsils tonsillitis inflammation of the palatine tonsils located in the area of the oropharynx tuberculin skin test (TST) a test used to determine past or present tuberculosis infection present in the body tuberculosis (TB; TB infectious disease, caused by a tubercle baccillus, chronic in nature, characterized by inflammatory infiltrations, primarily affecting the lungs causing large areas of cavitations and caseous (cheese-like) necrosis ulcerative colitis a chronic inflammatory condition resulting in a break in the continuity of the mucous membrane lining of the colon in the form of ulcers; characterized by large watery diarrheal stools containing mucus, pus or blood volvulus a rotation of loops of bowel causing a twisting on itself that results in an intestinal obstruction vomit to expel the content of the stomach through the esophagus and out of the mouth vomitus the material expelled from the stomach during vomiting (emmesis) wheeze a whistling sound or sighing sound resulting from narrowing of the lumen of a respiratory passageway alveol/o alveolus bronch/o bronchus bronchiol/o bronchus epiglott/o epiglottis laryng/o larynx nas/o nose orth/o straight pector/o chest pharyng/o pharynx phren/o mind; also refers to the diaphragm pleur/o pleura pne/o breathing pneum/o lungs; air pneumon/o lungs; air pulmon/o lungs rhin/o nose -scope an instrument used to view sinus/o sinus thor/a chest thorac/o chest trache/o trachea amyl/o starch append/o appendix appendic/o appendix -ase enzyme bil/i bile bucc/o cheek cec/o cecum celi/o pertaining to the abdomen -centesis surgical puncture cheil/o lips chol/e bile cholecyst/o gallbladder cirrh/o yellow, tawny col/o colon colon/o colon dent/o tooth duoden/o duodenum -ectasia stretching or dilatation -ectomy surgical removal -emesis to vomit enter/o intestine esophag/o esophagus gastr/o stomach gingiv/o gums gloss/o tongue gluc/o sugar, sweet glyc/o sugar, sweet hepat/o liver -iasis presence of an abnormal condition ile/o ileum jejun/o jejunum lapar/o abdominal wall lingu/o tongue lip/o fat lith/o stone; calculus -lysis destruction or detachment mandibul/o mandible odont/o teeth or/o mouth pancreat/o pancreas -pepsia state of digestion -phagia to eat pharyng/o pharynx peritone/o peritoneum -plasty surgical repair proct/o rectum rect/o rectum -rrhagia excessive flow or discharge -rrhaphy suturing sial/o salivary gland; saliva sigmoid/o sigmoid colon -spasm twitching; involuntary contraction steat/o fat stomat/o mouth -tresia perforation -tripsy intentional crushing