1.
Anaphase: In this stage of Mitosis, the chromatids of each replicated chromosome separate, sending a complete set of genetic instructions to each end of the cell
2.
Apoptosis: Programmed cell death
3.
Cancer Cell: This harmful cell as an altered surface, lost specialization, no contact inhibition, and divides uncontrollably
4.
Cancer Treatments: Radiation, chemotherapy, and surgery
5.
Caspases: These enzymes destroy an apoptotic cell
6.
Cell cycle: Sequence of events in which a cell prepares to divide (interphase), divides genetic material (mitosis), or divides its cytoplasm (cytokinesis)
7.
Cell Plate: This separation between the daughter cells of a plant marks where a new cell wall will form
8.
Centromere: Two identical chromatids (=a chromosome) are connected by this piece of DNA
9.
Centrosomes: There are two of these structures and they organize the protein subunits of the mitotic spindle
10.
Checkpoints: These occur during the cell cycle and allow the cell to ensure that each stage of the cell cycle is complete before the next begins. Either the cycle moves one, repairs are made, or apoptosis is induced
11.
Chromatin: The DNA and protein that make up a chromosome
12.
Cleavage Furrow: This indention around the equator of the cell forms during cytokinesis of an animal cell, indicating the coming separation
13.
Cytokinesis: The physical separation of the two daughter cells, usually beginning in anaphase or telophase.
14.
Diploid cell: Contains two full sets of chromosomes, one from each parent
15.
G 0 Phase: During Interphase of mitosis, a cell here continues to function, but does not replicate DNA or divide. Most cells in body are in this stage. Brain cells permanently are (=no reproducing brain cells)
16.
G 1 Phase: During Interphase of mitosis, this is the primary growth stage. The cell grows, carries out basic functions, and produces molecules needed to build new organelles and other things it will need if it divides
17.
G 2 Phase: During Interphase of mitosis, the cell here prepares to divide, producing the proteins that will coordinate the movements of the chromosomes during mitosis. DNA winds up tightly and condensation begins
18.
Genome: The complete genetic material contained in an individual. In Eukaryotes; divided into chromosomes
19.
Germ cells: Sperm and egg cells which produce haploid gametes by meiosis
20.
Growth Factors: External molecular signals that stimulate cell division
21.
Haploid: Cell that contain only one set of chromosomes
22.
Kinetochores: In Mitosis, these attatch the chromosomes to the mitotic spindle
23.
Malignant Tumor: This kind of tumor infiltrates nearby tissues and metastasizes if it reaches the bloodstream
24.
Metaphase: In this stage of Mitosis, spindle fibers align replicated chromosomes down the cell's equator
25.
Mitotic Spindle: A portion of the cytoskeleton that pulls apart the chromosomes in anaphase
26.
Nucleosomes: The chromatin is arranged into these in eukaryotic cells. Enable cell to pack a lot of DNA into small space
27.
Oncogene/ Tumor suppressor Gene: Too many__/not enough___ genes can result in cancer
28.
Prometaphase: In this stage of Mitosis, the nuclear envelope breaks up and moves out of the way and spindle fibers attatch to kinetochores
29.
Prophase: In this stage of Mitosis, chromosomes condense, the nucleus disassembles, and the mitotic spindle forms.
30.
S Phase: During Interphase of mitosis, the cell here replicates its genetic material. At the end, each chromosome consists of two attached sister chromatids
31.
Somatic cells: Most cells in the body. These divide by mitosis
32.
Telomerase: An enzyme that adds DNA to telomers in some cells.
33.
Telomeres: DNA sequences at the ends of chromosomes that track the number of divisions a cell has undergone. When these become very short, division ceases. Failure to shorten and divide can lead to cancer
34.
Telophase: In this stage of Mitosis, finally, the spindle breaks down and nuclear envelopes form
35.
Tumor: This structure results from excess cell division or deficient apoptosis.
