general psych chapter nine
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43 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 cognition | the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating |
| concept | a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people |
| prototype | a mental image or best example of a category. |
| algorithm | a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. |
| heuristic | a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently |
| insight | a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions |
| confirmation bias | a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence |
| fixation | the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set |
| mental swet | a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past |
| representativeness heuristic | judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent or match particular prototypes may lead us to ignore other relevant information |
| availability heuristic | estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind we presume such events are common |
| overconfidence | the tendency to be more confident that correct - to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments |
| belief perseverance | clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited |
| the fear factor | more people fear flying than driving though a significant amount of people die from driving |
| intuition | an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning |
| framing | the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments |
| language | our spoken, written, or signed words ant the ways we combine them to communicate meaning |
| babbling stage | beginning at about 4 months, the state of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language |
| one-word stage | the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words |
| two-word stage | beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements |
| telegraphic speech | early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram, using mostly nouns and verbs |
| linguistic determinism | Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think |
| intelligence | mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations |
| general intelligence (g) | a general intelligence factor that according to Spearman underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test |
| factor analysis | a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score |
| savant syndrome | a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing |
| Gardner's Eight Intelligences | (1) linguistic (2) logical-mathematical (3) musical (4) spatial (5) bodily-kinesthetic (6) intrapersonal (7) interpersonal (8) nauturalist |
| Strenburg's Five Components of Creativity | 1. expertise 2. imaginative thinking skills 3. adventuresome personality 4. intrinsic motivation 5. a creative environment |
| emotional intelligence | the ability to perceive, understand, mange m and use emotions |
| intelligence test | a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores |
| mental-age | a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically correspond to a given level of intelligence |
| stanford-binet | the widely used American revision of Binet's original intelligence test |
| intelligence quotient | ration of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100; now average intelligence is scored as 100 |
| Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) | the WAIS is the most widely used intelligence test contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests |
| the normal curve | scores on aptitude tests tend to form a normal, or bell shaped, curve around an average score |
| standarization | defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group |
| reliability | the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, or on retesting |
| validity | the extent to which a test meausres or predicts what it is supposed to |
| content validity | the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest |
| intellectual disability | a condition of limited mental ability idicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound |
| intelligence: nature and nuture | the most genetically similar people have the most similar intelligence scores |
| heritability | the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. |
| stereotype threat | a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype |
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