BIO259 - Nervous System, Cells & Tissue
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Created by:
gotjoosy on November 3, 2010
Subjects:
anatomy and physiology i, nervous system
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57 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 there are ___ basic types of nervous system cells: | 2, neurons, supporting cells |
| neurons | the cell that accomplishes the job of the nervous system |
| supporting cells | cells in the nervous system that help out neurons without conducting AP and therefore not transmitting information |
| origins of nervous system cells | neural tube, neural crest |
| neural tube derivatives | from the single layer of tightly linked epithelial cells of the neural tube, don't move away from that region |
| neural crest derivatives | freely migrating, individual mesenchyme cells that could be anywhere in the body |
| cell body of a neuron | large nucleus and nucleuolus, nissl substance, neurofibrils |
| what does the prominent nucleus/nucleolus of a neuron say about it? | it produces a lot of rRNA |
| nissl substance | all of the RER and free ribosomes in a neuron |
| what does the nissl substance say about the neuron? | it makes a ton of neurotransmitters, a protein, which can only be used once |
| neurofibrils | microfilaments associated with where the processes extend out |
| motor neuron cell processes | dendrites with a long axon |
| motor neuron axons | axon hillock to connect it to the dendrite, telodendria at the other end, terminal boutons at the far distal end |
| motor neuron: info is conducted toward the cell body via the | dendrites |
| motor neuron: info is conducted away from the cell body via the | axon |
| motor neurons: what type of polarity? | multipolar |
| motor neuron: where does the AP originate? | axon hillock |
| motor neuron: where is part of the synapse formed? | terminal boutons |
| sensory neuron cell processes | peripheral process and central process, separated by the cell body, with telodendria at each end |
| sensory neuron: what type of polarity? | unipolar |
| sensory neuron: AP travels toward the cell body via the | peripheral process |
| sensory neuron: AP travels away from the cell body via the | central process |
| nerve fibers | the long processes of the neuron (axon in motor, peripheral in sensory) |
| nerves | bundles of nerve fibers that have congregated in 1 area |
| synapses: typical structure consists of | axon terminal bouton, synaptic cleft, dendrite of next neuron |
| synapse | where the message passes from 1 neuron to another (wher 1 cell influences the behavior of another) |
| synaptic cleft | the physical space between the two neurons in a synapse, where neurotransmitters are released |
| synapses: directionality | AP can only travel in one direction because the synapse only releases neurotransmitters from one end of the synapse, meaning it can only move away from where it originated |
| cell body groupings in the CNS consist of | nuclei, horns/columns |
| nuclei in the CNS | clusters of cell bodies in the CNS |
| horns | cross-sectioned cell body groupings in the spinal cord |
| columns | longitudinal-sectioned cell body groupings in the spinal cord |
| cell body groupings in the PNS consist of | ganglia |
| ganglia | clusters of cell bodies in the PNS |
| subdivisions of ganglia | dorsal root ganglia, ganglia of autonomic nervous system |
| dorsal root ganglia | located just outside of the spinal cord |
| ganglia of the autonomic nervous system | associated with the gut (just outside of it) |
| supporting cells of the CNS | neuroglia |
| subdivisions of neuroglia | astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells |
| astrocytes | associated with the blood-brain barrier to protect the brain from potentially harmful molecules in the vascular system |
| microglia | phagocytic supporting cells of the CNS that look for things that don't belong |
| oligodendrocytes | produce a myelin sheath around neurons |
| ependymal cells | simple columnar epithelial supporting cells of the CNS that line the brain and spinal cord, which are both hollow tubes |
| what gives rise to all CNS cells? | ependymal cells |
| support cells of the PNS | satellite cells, schwann cells |
| satellite cells | a protective capsule around ganglia because it's dangerous to have all of these cell bodies in 1 spot |
| schwann cells | support cells of the PNS that produce a myelin sheath to go around fibers |
| myelin | a lipo-protein, segmented sheath that allows for faster information distribution due to saltation |
| nodes of ranvier | the segments of the myelin sheath |
| saltation | the process of an AP jumping from one node of ranvier to another instead of flowing |
| what is the fastest type of information? | motor (AP ---> skeletal muscle) |
| what is the slowest type of information? | sensory (esp. pain) |
| as diameter of nerve fibers and temperature increase, rate of travel | increases |
| nerves are arranged in groups called ____ | fascicles |
| endoneurium | connective tissue that surrounds a neuron |
| perineurium | connective tissue that surrounds a fascicle of nerves |
| epineurium | connective tissue that surrounds a nerve |
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