Nut Test 4 Ch. 9 Minerals
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58 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Minerals | are a micronutrient with many functions in the body |
| Minerals: Functions | Muscle contractions Nerve transmission bone strength enzyme cofactors many others |
| Two classes of minerals | major minerals trace minerals |
| Major minerals | require GREATER than 100 mg/d |
| 7 major minerals | Sodium potassium phosphorus chloride calcium magnesium sulfur |
| Trace minerals | req LESS than 100 mg/day |
| 8 trace minerals | Selenium Fluoride Iodine Chromium Manganese Iron Zinc Copper |
| Bioavailability | the amount that is available and absorbed |
| What does plant mineral content depend on? | soil |
| Increased bioavailability | minerals from animal sources slight acidity (some minerals) |
| Decreased Bioavailability | refinement competition (too many minerals or vitamins at one time) too much fiber |
| Mineral toxicity | trace minerals are most toxic result of supplementation |
| Problems with supplements | they are not regulated presence of contaminents |
| United States Pharmacopia | can look up approved brands for the US |
| Sodium | Table salt NaCL 40% sodium 60% chloride |
| Functions: Sodium | positive ion in extracellular fluid water balance muscle contraction electrolyte |
| Sodium sources: | processed and restaurant foods sauces, chips, soups, condiments dairy products sodium content listed on food labels |
| Sodium needs | body needs 200 mg/d to function DV is 2400 mg/d Typical intake is 4700 mg/d Most of us get plenty of sodium. possible too much people with high blood pressure should lower intake |
| Sodium deficiency | rare -excessive sweating (2-3% of body weight) -only water during a marathon |
| Signs of Sodium deficiency | muscle cramp, vomiting, dizzy, shock, coma -kidney will respond by conserving sodium |
| Chloride | component of NaCl Hydrochloric acid (HCl-stomach acid) |
| Chloride functions | negative ion in extracellular fluid fluid balance immunity with WBC's Electrolyte |
| Chloride Sources | table salt chlorinated water (tap water) |
| Chloride needs | DV is 3400 mg Excess excreted by kidneys or sweat inc intake may cause high blood pressure |
| Chloride deficiency | rare maybe with prolonged sickness (vomiting( |
| Hypertension (HTN) | sustained systolic pressure > 139 mmHg or diastotic pressure > 89 mmHg most cases are "primary/essential" a few cases are "secondary" known cause |
| Percentage of adults with HTN | 25 % adults 50% of age 65 + |
| Why control HTN? | "the silent killer" linked to: heart disease poor circulation kidney disease stroke |
| Racial diff with HTN | African Americans have a higher risk |
| Possible causes of Hypertension | aging heart disease inactivity family history obesity/diabetes excess alcohol (usually reversible) excess sodium and/or chloride-fluid retention |
| Other minerals Lower Blood Pressure | Calcium Potassium Magnesium Dash Diet: fruits, veg, beans, nuts/seeds |
| Medications Hypertension | Diuretics: increase urine output lower blood volume lower force against blood vessels Other meds: slow heart rate relax blood vessels |
| Potassium Functions | positive ion in intracellular fluid fluid balance muscle contraction electrolyte lower blood pressure?? |
| Potassium sources | fruits/veg milk grains/beans meat |
| Potassium needs | AI: 4700 mg/day Typical intake: 2.5 AI NO UL b/c excess is excreted Diueretics may be a concern |
| Potassium deficiency | Sub-clinical deficiency common Clinical deficiency: muscle cramping, confusion, heart failure |
| Calcium | about 40% of the weight of all minerals in the body about 2.4 lbs 99% in bones and teeth |
| Calcium absorption increase | increased by: acids Vit D lactose lower blood levels |
| Calcium absorption decreased | opposite of increased absorption so a decrease in acids, Vit D, lactose increase blood levels Excessive fiber or phosphorus aging others |
| Blood calcium | maintained at the price of bone calcium setting stage for future bone fractures bone acts as a "bank" |
| Calcium functions | structure: bones/teeth blood clotting muscle contraction electrolyte cell metabolism-activates various enzymes |
| Other possible functions of calcium | blood pressure cancer weight loss |
| Osteoporosis | "less bones" "A pediatric dis with geriatric consequences" leads to about 1.5 million fractures/yr |
| Osteoporosis factors: | gender, race, genetics, lifestyle, age |
| Highest risk possibilities | smokers, heavy drinkers, heavy caffine consumption-ecsp in older adults |
| Calcium sources | dairy fish with bones-sardines, anchovies greens/spinach/broccoli anything fortified with calcium |
| Calcium needs | DV is 1000 mg/day needs increase as we age sub-clinical deficiency |
| Calcium supplements | calcium carbonate (antacids) calcium citrate-ups absorbtion due to acidity |
| Calcium Toxicity | UL is 2500 mg/day kidney stones decreased absorption of other minerals |
| Phosphorus Functions | bones and teeth ATP membranes buffer |
| Phosphorus sources | animal products, bakery products, cola |
| Phosphorus RDA | 700 mg/d deficiency is rare |
| Phosphorus toxicity | problem for those with kidney disfunction UL is 4g/day |
| Magnesium Functions | bones muscles enzymes insulin potassium and calcium metabolism |
| Magnesium Deficiency | muscle/heart/bone problems insulin dysfunction |
| Magnesium Sources | whole grains nuts/seeds dark chocolate |
| Magnesium needs Male and Female | F: 310 mg/day M: 400 mg/day |
| Sulfur | component of amino acids and vitamins acid-base balance drug detoxifying pathway primarily from protein used to preserve foods No RDA or AI |
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