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mechanical failure elastic limits of tissue are exceeded causing tissue breakage atrophy wasting away or decrease in mass avulsion fracture a type of fracture that occurs when the ligament or tendon pulls off a piece of bone compression force a force or pressure that attempts to flatten or squeeze a material contracture abnormal shortening of a muscle or joint contusion a bruise blood vessels are broken or damages and bleeding under the skin occurs ectopic calcification a pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues myositis/fasciitis inflammation of the muscle/inflammation of the fascia ecchymosis skin discoloration epiphysis the rounded end of the bone which normally articulates with another bone to form a joint. composed of cancellous bone and hyaline cartilage covering it. provides area for muscular attachment Hyaline cartilage translucent cartilage that is common in joints and respiratory passages ligament connects bone to bone tonic type of muscle contraction characterized by constant contraction that last for a period of time osteoblasts bone building cells osteoclasts bone destroying cells Periosteum a membrane that lines the outer surface of all bones, bone sheath. contains blood vessels and osteoblasts Periostitis a medical condition caused by inflammation of the Periosteum shear force internal force in any material which is usually caused by any external force acting tangent (perpendicular) to the material, or a force which has a component acting tangent to the material Synovitis inflammation of the synovial membrane Tendon connects muscle to bone Clonic involuntary muscle contraction characterized by alternate contraction and relaxation in rapid succession Tension force the pulling apart or opposite force Viscoelastic property of a material which is viscous but which also exhibits certain elastic properties, such as the ability to store energy of deformation, and in which the application of yield point elastic limit of a tissue creep deformation of tissues that occurs with application of a constant load over time elasticity property that allows a tissue to return to normal following deformation Tensynovitis inflammation of a tendon synovial sheath Diastatsis separation of articulating bones Bursitis inflammation of bursae at sites of boney prominences between muscle and tendon, such as those of the shoulder and knee HIV virus that leads to aid HBV virus that leads to liver inflammation virus an organism that lives in cells blood borne pathogen a micro organism that causes disease OSHA An organization that is responsible for safety in the work place what is more durable, HIV or HBV? HBV - stronger and can spread more easily through sharp objets, open wounds and body fluids Two tests for HIV the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) enzyme imunoassay (EIA) recognize antibodies to HIV proteins Western Blot Examination -2nd test What is the ratio of bleach to water in a disinfectant 1:10 what is the function of the 3 drugs to prevent HIV blocks the action of an enzyme that the virus needs to make the components of new virus cells blocks the copying of viral genes that can enter the hosts cell nucleus (reverse transcription) helps protect Tcells and slows progression of HIV 4 things done when reporting an exposure 1. documentation of exposure route 2. identification or the source 3. Blood test and counseling 4.evaluation of reported illness what are the five primary tissue stresses 1. tension 2. stretching 2. compression 4. bending 5. shearing what is another name for mechanical failure? tissue failure What is the course of a virus taking over a cell? when a virus takes over a cell it reproduces, it starts by attaching the host cell the total virus might invade the cell or it might just inject genetic material or genome. The virus will use the host cells machinery to replicate over and over again. Every new copy of the genome directs the cell to make it a protein shell, the new virus emerges from the host cell capable of infecting other cells. Host cell often destroyed. ASTM regulates testing for sports equipment cantilever protects AC joint corneal lens covers the iris mouth guard can prevent cerebral discussions HECC Regulates hockey equipment NOCSAE Regulates football helmet certification Prophylactic preventive or protective methods scheral lens covers the entire eye Thermomoldable Pliable heated foam Sorbothane high energy, high density foam Space b/w face guard and helmet 3 inch space between face guard and the lower edge of the helmet face guard to face 2 finger width above the eyes