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barbarian a member of an uncivilized people, a person belonging to a tribe or group that is considered uncivilized Christianity the religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ Roman Catholic Church the Christian church headed by the pope in Rome pope the bishop of Rome and supreme leader of the Roman Catholic Church monarch A ruler, such as a king or queen fief land granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for loyalty and service manor A large estate, including farmland and villages, held by a lord Devine Right of Kings The idea that God had chosen monarchs to rule noble a person of high rank by birth or title duke the highest type of European noble, ranking just below a prince moat a deep, wide ditch, often filled with water Hiearchy a system of organizing people into ranks, with those of higher rank having more power and privileges armor A covering, usually made of metal or leather, worn to protect the body during fighting chivalry the medieval knight's code of ideal behavior, including bravery, loyalty, and respect for women persecute to cause a person to suffer because of his or her beliefs monastery a community of monks monk a man who has taken a solemn vow to devote his life to prayer and service in a monastery clergy The body of people, such as priests, who perform the sacred functions of a church excommunicate to formally deprive a person of membership in a church sacrament a solemn rite of Christian Churches pilgrimage a journey to a holy site relic an object considered holy because it belonged to, or was touched by, a saint or other holy person convent a community of nuns; also called a nunnery nun a woman who has taken a sacred vow to devote her life to prayer and service to the church university a school of advanced learning rhetoric the study of persuasive writing and speaking Theoligy the study of god and religious truth natural law the concept that there is a universal order built into nature that can guide moral thinking monasticism a way of life in which men and women withdraw from the rest of the world in order to devote themselves to their faith illuminated manuscript a handwritten book decorated with bright colors and precious metals religious order a brotherhood or sisterhood of monks, nuns, or friars friar a member of a certain religious order devoted to teaching and works of charity domain the land controlled by a ruler or lord charter a written grant of rights and privileges by a ruler or government to a community, class of people, or organization guild an organization of people in the same craft or trade apprentice a person who works for an expert in a trade or craft in return for training journeyman A person who has learned a particular trade or craft but has not become an employer, or master commerce the buying and selling of goods Jew a descendant of the ancient Hebrews, the founders of the religion of Judaism: also, any person whose religion is Judaism leprosy a skin and nerve disease that causes open sores on the body and can lead to serious complications and death Bubonic Plague a deadly contagious disease caused by bacteria and spread by fleas common law a body of rulings made by judges that become part of a nation's legal system Ministrel a singer or musician who sang or recited poems to music played on the harp or other instruments mystery play a type of religious drama in the Middle Ages based on the stories from the bible miracle play a type of religious drama in the Middle Ages based on stories about saints Habeas Corpus The principle that accused persons cannot be held in jail without the consent of a court commoner a person who is not of noble rank crossbow a medieval weapon made up of a bow that was fixed across a wooden stock ( which had a groove to direct the arrow's flight) and operated by a trigger longbow a large bow used for firing feathered arrows truce An agreed-upon halt in fighting heretic a person who holds beliefs that are contrary to the teachings of a church or other group