Cellular Reproduction Vocab (Chapters 9 and 10)
About this set
Created by:
jmweiland Plus on November 4, 2010
Subjects:
honors biology, whitlock, mader
Description:
This set deals with vocab words from Chapter 9 (The Cell Cycle and Cellular Respiration) and Chapter 10 (Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction)
Classes:
Please Snell Correctly, Walton APES
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63 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 anaphase | mitotic phase during which daughter chromosomes move toward the poles of the spindle |
| asexual reproduction | reproduction that requires only one parent and does not involve gametes |
| aster | short, radiating fibers produced by the centrosomes in animal cells |
| cell cycle | an orderly set of stages and substages between one division and the next |
| cell plate | structure across a dividing plant cell that signals the location of new plasma membranes and cell walls |
| centriole | cell organelle, existing in pairs, that occurs in the centrosome and may help organize a mitotic spindle for chromosome movement during animal cell division |
| centromere | constriction where sister chromatids of a chromosome are help together |
| centrosome | microtubule organizing center; organizes the miotic spindle, contains two barrel-shaped centrioles |
| chromatid | each double helix of DNA |
| chromatin | network of fibrils consisting of DNA and associated proteins observed within a nucleus that is not dividing |
| cyclin | protein that cycles in quantity as the cell cycle progresses; combines with and activates the kinases that function to promote the events of the cycle |
| cytokinesis | division of the cytoplasm following mitosis and meiosis |
| diploid (2n) | cell condition in which two of each type of chromosome are present |
| growth factor | external signals received at the plasma membrane |
| haploid (n) | cell in which only one of each type of chromosome is present |
| interphase | stages of the cell cycle during which growth and DNA synthesis occur when the nucleus is not actively dividing |
| metaphase | mitotic phase during which chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate |
| metaphase plate | a disk formed during metaphase in which all of a cell's chromosomes lie in a single plane at right angles to the spindle fibers |
| mitosis | process in which a parent nucleus produces two daughter nuclei, each having the same number and kinds of chromosomes as the parent nucleus |
| nucleoid | region of prokaryotic cells where DNA is located; it is not bounded by a nuclear envelope |
| prometaphase | phase of mitosis which generally begins with the disintegration of the nuclear membrane |
| prophase | mitotic phase during which chromatin condenses so that chromosomes appear; chromosomes are scattered |
| reproductive cloning | genetically identical to the original individual |
| signal | a molecule that stimulates or inhibits a metabolic event |
| sister chromatid | one of two genetically identical chromosomal units that are the result of DNA replication and are attached to each other at the centromere |
| somatic cell | body cell |
| spindle | microtubule structure that brings about chromosomal movement during nuclear division |
| telomere | tip of the end of a chromosome that shortens with each cell division and may thereby regulate the number of times a cell can divide |
| allele | alternative form of a gene-occurs at the same locus on homologous chromosomes |
| crossing-over | some parts of nonsister chromatids switch during meiosis |
| fertilization | fusion of sperm and egg nuclei, producing a zygote that develops into a new individual |
| gamete | sex cell |
| gametogenesis | development of the male and female sex gametes |
| gametophyte | haploid generation of the alternation of generations life cycle of a plant; produces gametes that unite to form a diploid zygote |
| genetic recombination | process in which new genetic information is incorporated into a chromosome or DNA fragment |
| homologous chromosome | member of a pair of chromosomes that are alike and come together in synapsis during prophase of the first meiotic division |
| homologue | member of a homologous pair of chromosomes |
| independent assortment | alleles of unlinked genes segregate independently of each other during meiosis so that the gametes contain all possible combinations of alleles |
| interkinesis | period of time between meiosis I and meiosis II during which no DNA replication takes place |
| kinetochore | disk-shaped strucutre within the centromere of a chromosome to which spindle microtubules become attached during mitosis and meiosis |
| life cycle | recurring pattern of genetically programmed events by which individuals grown, develop, maintain themselves, and reproduce |
| oogenesis | meiosis in female |
| sexual reproduction | reproduction involving meiosis, gamete formation, and fertilization; produces offspring with chromosomes inherited from each parent with a unique combination of genes |
| spermatogenesis | meiosis in male |
| sporophyte | diploid generation of the alternation of generations life cycle of a plant; produces haploid spores that develop into the haploid generation |
| synapsis | pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I |
| zygote | diploid cell formed by the union of two gametes; the product of fertilization |
| G1 phase | recovery from previous division, cell doubles its organelles, accumulates raw materials for DNA synthesis |
| S phase | DNA replication (synthesis), chromosomes enter with 1 chromatid each, chromosomes leave with 2 identical chromatids each |
| G2 phase | between DNA replication and onset of mitosis; cell synthesizes proteins necessary for division |
| binary fission | splitting in between the two replicate chromosomes; produces two daughter cells identical to original cells-asexual reproduction |
| meiosis | special type of cell division used only for sexual reproduction that halves the chromosome number prior to fertilization |
| tetrad | 4 pieces to the homologous pair (each chromatid represents 1/4 of this) |
| gonad | organ in which meiosis occurs |
| ovary (follicle) | female gonad |
| testes (seminiferous tubules) | male gonad |
| ovum (egg) | female gamete |
| sperm | male gamete |
| karyotype | map all chromosomes out to see all characteristics |
| seperate homologous pairs | point of meiosis I |
| seperate sister chromatids | point of meiosis II |
| crossing-over | exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatides during meiosis I |
| telophase | mitotic phase during which daughter cells are located at each pole |
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