Digestive System
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85 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 break down complex food, absorb nutrients | purpose of digestion |
| metabolism | produces ATP, makes new tissues, carries out life processes |
| mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), ascending colon, sigmoid colon (large intestine), rectum, anal canal, anus | list parts of digestive tract in order |
| peristalsis | rhythmic squeezing movement that moves chyme through the GI tract |
| chyme | partially digested food |
| mechanical digestion | physical breakdown of food |
| chemical digestion | breakdown by chemicals such as enzymes |
| mouth | oral cavity |
| chewing | mastication |
| parotid gland, submandibular gland, sublingual gland | list the salivary glands |
| salivary amylase | enzyme that breaks starch into maltose |
| amylase, mucus | 2 things in saliva |
| peristalsis | only function of the pharynx |
| Hydochloric acid, pepsin, gastrin, rennin | stomach secretions |
| mucus | substance that moistens food, reduces friction |
| taste, swallowing | function of tongue |
| crown, neck, root | 3 parts of tooth |
| crown | exposed part of tooth |
| emulsification | physical breakdown of fat into smaller globules |
| enamel | hardest substance of body, covers crown of tooth |
| dentin | makes up bulk of tooth |
| pulp | blood vessels and nerves of tooth |
| neck | part of tooth that connects crown to root |
| root | blood vessels and nerves of tooth are here |
| mucosa | innermost layer of gastrointestinal tract |
| epithelium | layer of gastrointestinal tract with secretory function |
| basal metabolic rate | BMR stands for... |
| total metabolic rate | TMR stands for... |
| submucosa | layer of gastrointestinal tract with connective tissue, nerves, and blood vessels |
| proteins, lipids, carbohydrates | nutrients which can be converted into ATP |
| muscularis externa | layers of smooth muscle that control peristalsis |
| nerve plexus | found in submucosa and muscularis externa. innervates the layers of the gastrointestinal tract to control mobility |
| serosa | outermost layer of the GI tract, aka visceral peritoneum |
| stomach | organ which contains fat for insulation and protection and lymph nodes with defense cells |
| cardioesophageal sphincter | junction of the esophagus and the stomach |
| pyloric sphincter | junction of the stomach and duodenum |
| rugae | wrinkly folds in inner stomach wall |
| gastric pits | allow the secretion of gastric juices from gastric glands |
| vomiting | peristalsis in opposite direction |
| hydrochloric acid | provides acidic environment for protein-digesting enzymes in stomach |
| gastrin | a hormone that signals the stomach to release protein-digesting enzymes |
| small intestine | longest section of gastrointestinal tract |
| duodenum, jejunum, ileum | parts of the small intestine |
| Peyer's patches | lymphatic tissue found in submucosa layer towards end of small intestine which kills microbes in undigested food |
| villi | increase surface area of small intestine for absorption |
| lacteal | capillary inside villi for absorption of fats into lymphatic system |
| microvilli | increase surface area of plasma membrane of absorptive cells to aid in absorption |
| peptidase, lipase, lactase, maltase, amylase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, bicarbonate, bile salts, secretin | secretions used in the small intestine |
| amylase | enzyme which converts starch to maltose |
| trypsin | enzyme which converts protein to peptides |
| bicarbonate | base which neutralizes stomach acid for enzymes |
| bile salts | synthesized in liver, stored in gall bladder, secreted into small intestine via bile duct for use in duodenum |
| bile salts | emulsify fats into globules, increasing their surface area for digestion |
| gallstones | when bile salts remain in the gallbladder for too long, they may crystallize and form ______ |
| secretin | hormone secreted by the duodenum which promotes pancreatic juice output |
| hepatic duct | transports bile from liver to gallbladder for storage |
| gastric duct | transports bile from gallbladder to bile duct |
| bile duct | transports bile to duodenum |
| pancreatic duct | transports pancreatic juice from pancreas to duodenum |
| illeocecal valve | separates small intestine from colon |
| appendix | blind end to the cecum, contains lymphatic tissue |
| water absorption | main function of large intestine |
| 1. further digestion by bacterial enzymes 2. synthesize vitamins B and K 3. release methane and hydrogen sulfate gases | 3 things resident bacteria do |
| goblet cells | cells of large intestine which produce mucus |
| defecation | elimination of undigested material from food |
| improves colon contractions | fiber is healthy because it _____ |
| carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water, fiber, antioxidants | 8 major nutrients in food |
| essential amino acids | eight amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body |
| catabolism | breakdown of large molecules |
| anabolism | synthesis of large molecules by assembling small molecules together |
| glucose | simplest form of carbohydrate |
| glycolysis | occurs in cytosol; generates some ATP and NADH for electron transport |
| Kreb's cycle | occurs in mitochondrion, generates some ATP from NADH for electron transport |
| electron transport chain | occurs in mitochondrion, generates much ATP from NADH, uses oxygen |
| proteins, lipids, carbohydrates | nutrients which can be metabolized into ATP |
| lipoprotein | transports cholesterol |
| HDL | transports cholesterol from body cells (blood) to liver |
| LDL | adds cholesterol to blood |
| glycogenesis | the creation of glycogen from glucose |
| glycogenolysis | glucose is released from the liver after being broken down from glycogen |
| glucogenesis | glucose is produced from fats and proteins |
| BMR | rate of heat production of the body at rest |
| smaller body, younger age, more thyroxine hormone, males | factors leading to higher BMR |
| thyroxine hormone | hormone produced by thyroid which controls BMR |
| TMR | total amount of kilocalories the body must consume to fuel ongoing activities |
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