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abruptio placenta premature detachment of a normally situated placenta after the 20th week of gestation amniocentesis aspiration of a sample of amniotic fluid through the mother's abdomen for diagnosis of fetal maturity and/or disease by assay of the contituents of the fluid amnion smooth membrane enclosing the fetus and amniotic fluid; it is loosely fused with the outer chorionic membane; innermost membrane in relation to the fetus anencephaly absence of the brain; the cerebellum and basal ganglia may be present cervix inferior segment of the uterus; more than 3.5cm long during normal pregnancy, decreases in length during labor. chorion cellular, outermost extraembryonic membrane, composed of trophoblast lined with mesoderm; it develops villi about 2 weeks after fertilization, is vascualrized by allantoic vessels a week later, give rise to the placenta, and persists until birth corpus luteum Yellow glandular mass (corpus) formed by an ovarian follicle that has matured and discharged its ovum. It secretes progesterone to maintain pregnancy. ductus venosus the fetal structure that allows most of the blood to bypass the liver and to flow from the umbilical vein to the vena cava embryo conceptus to the end of the ninth week of gestation gestational age age since the date of conception gestational sac structure normally within the uterus that contains the developing embryo hydatidiform mole condition in which there is partial or complete conversion of the chorionic villi into grapelike vesicles; villia are avascular and there is trophoblastic proliferation; condition may result in malignant trophoblastic disease incompetent cervix (obstetrics) uterine cervix that becomes dilated before term and without labor often resulting in miscarriage or premature birth intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) abnormal growth pattern of the fetus; usually small abdomen compared with other growth parameters lower uterine segment The thin expanded lower portion of the uterus which forms in the last trimester of pregnancy macrosomia excessively large body and high birth weight as in infants of diabetic mothers who experience high glucose levels in utero. oligohydramnios < 5cm of amniotic fluid; associated with placental insufficency, bilateral renal agenesis, or posterior urethral valves (in males) and resultant inability to excrete urine. Can give rise to Potter's syndrome. placenta A structure that allows oxygen and nutrients to pass into the fetus from the mother's bloodstream and bodily wastes to pass out to the mother. Forms the chorion frondosum with a maternal decidual contribution polyhydramnios AFI >20cm amniotic fluid trimester pregnancy is divided into three 13-week periods umbilical cord lifeline between fetus and placenta; contains two umbilical arteries and one umbilical vein all encased in Wharton's jelly yolk sac circular structure seen between 4-10 weeks that supplies nutrition to the fetal pole (developing embryo); lies within the chorion outside the amnion amniotic cavity cavity in which the fetus exists; forms early in gestation; fills with amniotic fluid to protect the fetus chorionic cavity surrounds the amniotic cavity; the yolk sac is between the chorion and amnion crown-rump length (CRL) most acurate measurement of the embryo in the first trimester decidua basalis villi on the maternal side of the placenta or embryo ; along with the chorion, forms the placenta decidua capsularis The part of the decidua surrounding the chorionic sac. diamniotic multiple pregnancy with two amniotic sacs dichorionic multiple pregnancy with two chorionic sacs double decidual sac sign interface between the decidua capsularis and the echogenic, highly vascular endometrium embryolic age (conceptual) date from conception embryonic period between 6-12 weeks of gestation human chrionic gonadotropin (hCG) lab test that confirms pregnancy when values are evaluated IUP intrauterine pregnancy menstrual age (gest. age) calculated from the first day of the last normal menstrual period (LMP) monoamniotic multiple pregnancy with one amniotic sac monochorionic multiple pregnancy with one chorionic sac. MSD Mean Sac diameter primary yolk sac first site of formation of red blood cells that will nourish the embryo secondary yolk sac formed at 23 days when the primary yolk sac is pinched off by the extra embryonic coelom yolk stalk the umbilical duct connecting the yolk sac to the embryo zygote fertilized ovum resulting from union of male and female gametes monoamniotic-monochorionic pregnancy Multiple pregnancy with one pacenta & one gestational sac. 50% mortality rate, may have one or two yolk sacs dichorionic-diamniotic pregnancy multiple pregnancy, accounts for 70% of twin pregnancies, two gestational sacs with individual trophoblastic tissue. each sac has an individual yolk sac, amniotic membrane, and embryo anembryonic pregnancy (blighted ovum) ovum without an embryo bowel herniation bewteen 8-12wks in pregnancy, the bowel herniates outside of the abdominal cavity complete abortion complete removal of all products of conception, including the the placenta corpus luteum cyst may persist until the 20th to 24th week of pregnancy cystic hygroma fluid-filled structure (often with septations), initially surrounding the neck, may extend up to the head or laterally to the body area. ectopic pregnancy extrauterine...anywhere other than in the uterus gatroschisis opening or "fissure" that remains open in the abdominal wall to the right of the umbilical cord; bowel or organ herniation may occur at the site. gestational trophoblastic disease trophoblastic tissue overtakes the pregnancy and the the entire uterine cavity incomplete abortion retained products of conception omphalocele congenital; hernia of the umbilicus, covered with a membrane; cord may travel through mass-like herniation pseudogestational sac decidual reaction that may occur within the uterus when an ectopic pregnancy is present Turner's syndrome Congenital; endocrine disorder; ovaries failure to respond to pituitary hormore stimulation; often seen with cystic hygroma apex the ventricles of the heart come to a point called the apex; normally the apex is directed toward the left hip breech indicates the fetal head is toward the fundus of the uterus ductus venosus structure that carries oxygenated blood from the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava frontal bossing slight indentation of the frontal bones of the skull; also known as "lemon head" gravity total number of pregnancies human chorionic gonadotropin (hGC) hormaone within the maternal urine and serum; hCG is elevated during pregnancy menstrual age gestational age of the fetus is determine from the last menstrual period (LMP) micrognathia abnormally small chin mindline echo complex (the falx) widest transverse diameter of the skull; proper level to measure the biparietal diameter normal situs indicates normal position of the abdominal organs (liver on right, stomach on left, heart apex on the left) parity number of live births transverse lie indicates fetus is lying transversely (horizontal) across the abdomen vertex indicates that the fetus is positioned head down in the uterus abdominal circumference (AC) measurement at the level of the stomach, left portal vein, and left umbilical vein anophathalmos absence of one (cyclops) or both eyes banana sign refers to the shape of the cerebellum when a spinal defect is present (cerebellum is pulled downward into the foramen magnum) biparietal diameter (BPD) measurement of the fetal head at the level of the thalamus and cavum septum pellucidum brachycephaly fetal heas is elongated in the transverse diameter and shortened in the anteroposterior diameter dolichocephaly fetal head is shortened in the transverse plane and elongated in the anteposterior plane femur length (FL) measurement from the femoral head to the distal end of the femur gestational sac diameter used in the first trimester to estimate appropriate gestational age with menstrual dates growth-adjusted sonar age (GASA) the method whereby the fetus is categorized into small, average, or large growth percentile humeral length measurement from the humeral head to the distal end of the humerus hypertelorism condition in which the orbits are close together hypotelorism condition in which the orbits are close together lemon sign occurs in spina bifida; frontal bones colapse inward microphthalmos small eyes spina bifida failure of the vertebrae to close placenta ...