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Knock-out mutants alleles that do not function at all Genetic screen technique for picking certain types of mutants out of many thousands of randomly generated mutants Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries information from DNA to site of protein synthesis RNA Polymerase Enzyme that synthesizes RNA molecules according to the information provided by the sequence of bases in a particular stretch of DNA Genetic code the rules that specify the relationship between a sequence of nucleotides in DNA or RNA and the sequence of amino acids in a protein Start Codon (AUG) codes for methionine, signals that protein synthesis should start at that point on the mRNA molecule UAA, UAG, UGA Stop codons Promoters binding sites on DNA where transcription begins Basal transcription factors proteins that initiate eukaryotic transcription by matching the enzyme with the appropriate promoter region in DNA Small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) complex of proteins that catalyzes splicing transfer RNA (tRNA) class of RNA molecules that picks up a specific amino acid sequence and binds to the corresponding codon in messenger RNA during translation Aminoacyl tRNA a tRNA molecule that becomes covalently linked to an amino acid Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases enzymes that are responsible for catalyzing the addition of amino acids to tRNAs Wobble hypothesis the hypothesis that some tRNA molecules can pair with more than one mRNA codon, tolerating some variations in the third base, as long as the first and second bases are correctly matched Initiation factors Proteins in eukaryotes that bind to the 5' cap on mRNAs and guide it to the ribosome Translocation process in which the ribosome moves the mRNA through in the 5' -> 3' direction Release factor proteins that fit tightly into the A site because their size, shape, and electrical charge are tRNA-like. They cause the tRNA to release the polypeptide Molecular chaprones speed up the folding of proteins