Comm in Society Test 3 (ch. 7-8)
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Created by:
haleyluter on November 7, 2010
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126 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 marconi | __________'s improvements over earlier experimental designs allowed him to send and receive telegraph code over distances as great as 2 miles by 1896 |
| marconi 1899 1901 | with the financial and technical help of the british, __________ successfully transmitted across the english channel in _____ and across the atlantic in ____ |
| hertz | early pioneer of radio, radio waves |
| guglielmo marconi | "the father of radio," influenced by ben franklin |
| hardwired | the fundamental difference between telegraphs and radio is that telegraphs are __________ and radio is off the air |
| reginald fessenden | in 1903, ________ ________, a canadian, invented the liquid barretter, the first audio device permitting reception of wireless voices |
| liquid barretter | the first audio device permitting reception of wireless voices (invented by fessenden in 1903) |
| 1906 | fessenden's broadcast from brant rock on christmas eve of ____ was the first public broadcast of voices and music |
| lee deforest | _______ _________ (american) invented the audion tube, a vacuum tube that improved and amplified wireless signals |
| audion tube | a vacuum tube that improved and amplified wireless signals (invented by lee deforest in 1906) |
| lee deforest | saw radio as a means of broadcasting |
| 1860 | eduord-leon scott de martinville recorded a song on a device he called a phonautograph in ____, and always thought that edison had stolen credit that should have been his |
| 1877 | in ____ edison patented his "talking machine," a device for replicating sound that used a hand-cranked grooved cylinder and a needle (scott's phonautograph) |
| emile berliner | _________ __________ invented the gramophone, developed a sophisticated microphone, and imported from Europe recordings by famous opera stars |
| 1887 | emile berliner invented the gramophone in ____ |
| gramophone | used a flat, rotating, wax-coated disc that could easily be copied or pressed from a metal master; allowed for multiple duplications of sound (invented by berliner in 1887) |
| 1905 | the columbia phonograph company introduced the 2-sided disc in ____ |
| RCA (radio corporation of america) | american marconi, general electric, american telephone & telegraph, and westinghouse (in 1921)---each in control of a vital piece of technology--joined to create the ______________________ (after the govt. forced the combatants to merge) |
| david sarnoff | author of the radio music box memo; RCA's commercial manager |
| 1920 | on nov. 2 ____, KDKA (pittsburgh) made the first commercial radio broadcast, announcing the results of the presidential election that sent harding to the white house |
| wireless ship act | in 1910 congress passed the ___________________, requiring that all ships using u.s. ports and carrying more than 50 passengers have a working wireless and operator |
| radio act of 1912 | after the sinking of the titanic, congress passed the ____________________, which not only strengthened rules regarding shipboard wireless but also required that wireless operators be licensed by the secretary of commerce and labor |
| radio act of 1927 | prompted by four national radio conferences; order was restored and the industry prospered |
| use own | the radio act of 1927 authorized broadcasters to ____ the channels, but not to _____ them |
| FRC (federal radio commission) | the _____________________ was established to administer the provisions of the act |
| trustee model | in broadcast regulation, the idea that broadcasters serve as the public's trustees or fiduciaries |
| spectrum scarcity | broadcast spectrum space limited, so not everyone who wants to broadcast can; those who are granted licenses must accept regulation |
| communications act of 1934 | the ____________________ replaced the radio act of 1927, substituting the federal communications commission (FCC) for the FRC and cementing its regulatory authority, which continues today |
| commercial | on august 22, 1922, new york station WEAF accepted the first radio ___________, a 10 minute spot for long island brownstone apartments |
| affiliates | groups of stations |
| NBC (national broadcasting company) | RCA set up a 24 station network, _______________, in 1926 |
| 1927 william s. paley 1928 | the columbia broadcasting system was formed in ____, but it struggled until 26-year-old millionaire cigar maker ___________________ bought it in ____, making it a worthy competitor to NBC |
| mutual | _______ was formed in 1934 and differed from the other major national networks in that it did not own and operate its own flagship stations (called O&Os, for owned and operated) |
| american broadcasting company (ABC) | the four national networks had grown so powerful that in 1943 the government forced NBC to divest itself of one of its networks; it sold NBC Blue to lifesaver candy maker edward noble, who renamed it the |
| 20 billion | the radio industry as a whole sells about $___ _________ a year of ad time |
| edwin armstrong | RCA turned down ________ _______, who invented FM/stereo radio, but was picked up by GE... together they put together the first FM station, W2XMN, on the air in 1939 |
| 1945 | in ____, the FCC set aside all FM frequencies between 88.1 and 91.9 megahertz for noncommercial radio; provide local service/national network quality programming |
| specialize | contemporary radio's most important characteristic is its ability to _________ |
| format | a radio station's particular sound or programming content |
| secondary service (format) | a radio station's second, or nonprimary, format i.e. a country station may broadcast a religious format for 10 hours on saturday and sunday |
| todd storz | bought KOHW in omaha in 1949; invented the top 40 format, which demanded strict adherence to a playlist - wanted less talk, more music - (gordon mcclendon refined the top 40 format and developed others) |
| billings | since the entrenchment of specialized formats, there has not been a year in which annual _________ (dollars earned from the sale of airtime) have declined |
| crossleys | the first rating system was the __________ in 1930 |
| arbitron | in 1949 the radio rating systems of the time (crossleys, hooper and pulse, etc.) and their methods (random telephone calls) were replaced by the american research bureau, later renamed ___________ |
| peoplemeter | arbitron's personal _________: remote control keypad device for recording television viewing for taking ratins |
| telecommunications act of 1996 | controls on the number of radio stations one person or company could own were almost totally eliminated by the _______________________ |
| duopoly | one person of company owning and managing multiple radio stations in a single market |
| local community radio act of 2005 | as a result of the __________________________, which enjoyed wide bipartisan support in congress, 815 LPFM stations, serving all 50 states, now offer opportunities for additional radio voices to serve their local listenerships |
| covered | until the 1950s, african american artists' music had to be __________--recorded by white artists such as perry como--before it was aired |
| sony MBG universal | four major recording companies control 90% of the recorded music market in the u.s. ___________ and ____________ control more than 60% of the world's $28 billion global music market |
| catalogue albums | in record retailing, albums more than three years old |
| recent catalogue albums | albums that have been out for 15 months to 3 years |
| alan freed | cleveland DJ _______ _______'s nationally distributed radio show featured black R&B tunes, never covers; called the music he played "rock 'n' roll" (to signify that it was black AND white youth music) |
| MTV | ________'s introduction in 1981 helped pull the recording industry out of its 1979 slump |
| satellite | the convergence of radio and __________ has aided the rebirth of the radio networks |
| westwood one | ____________ ______, which bought the NBC radio network in 1987 and added to its already large and varied networking and program syndication operations, counts among its affiliates 60% of all the commercial stations in the U.S. |
| syndication | sale of radio or television content to stations on a market-by-market basis |
| terrestrial digital radio | land-based digital radio relying on digital compression technology to simultaneously transmit analog and one or more digital signals using existing spectrum space |
| in-band-on-channel (IBOC) | relying on digital compression technology called ________________________, terrestrial digital radio allows broadcasters to transmit not only their usual analog signal, but one or more digital signals using their existing spectrum space |
| bitcasters | web-only radio stations |
| streaming | the simultaneous downloading and accessing (playing) of digital audio or video data |
| podcasts | because __________ are posted online, they do not require streaming software |
| analog digital | in the 1970s the basis of both the recording and radio industries changed from _________ to _________ recording |
| 1983 | the CD, or compact disc, was introduced in ____ using digital coding on a 4.7-inch disc read by a laser beam |
| 360 | the ______ deal (sometimes called an equity or multiple rights deal) renders artists brands |
| standard distribution | the ______________ deal is how the music business operated for decades; the label underwrites the recording, manufacturing, distribution, and promotion of its artists' music - artists earn their percentage only after all the costs have been recouped by the label |
| license | the _________ deal is the same as the standard distribution deal except that artists retain the copyright to their music and ownership of the master recordings, granting the rights to a label for a specified period of time |
| profit-sharing | the ____________ deal calls for a minimal advance from each label, and as such, it agrees to split all profits with the artist before deducting its costs |
| manufacturing and distribution | a _______________________ deal requires artists to undertake every aspect of the process except manufacturing and distribution |
| self-distribution | the _______________ model grants artists the greatest freedom; they play, produce, market, promote, and distribute the music themselves |
| open source software | freely downloaded software |
| bittorrent | file-sharing software that allows anonymous users to create "swarms" of data as they simultaneously download and upload "bits" of a given piece of content from countless, untraceable servers |
| shock jocks | outrageous, rude, crude radio personalities |
| nonlinear TV | watching television on our own schedules, not on some cable or broadcast programmer's |
| nipkow disc | 1884 first workable device for generating electrical signals suitable for the transmission of a scene that people could see |
| john logie baird | british inventor ______________ was able to transmit moving images using a mechanical disc as early as 1925, and in 1928 he successfully sent a television picture from london to new york |
| vladimir zworykin | ____________________, an immigrant living near pittsburgh and working for westinghouse, demonstrated his iconoscope tube, the first practical television camera tube, in 1923 |
| iconoscope | the first practical television camera tube (invented by zworykin in 1923) |
| david sarnoff kinescope | in 1929 _________ __________ lured vladimir zworykin to RCA to head the electronics research lab, and it was there that he developed the __________, an improved picture tube |
| kinescope | improved picture tube (from the iconoscope) |
| philo farnsworth | in 1927, at the age of 20, ______ __________ made his first public demonstration of his iconoscope; won patent battles against RCA/NBC |
| worlds fair 1939 | RCA made the first true public demonstration of television in the form of a regularly scheduled 2-hour NBC broadcast at the ______ _______ in new york in ____ |
| coaxial cable | copper-clad aluminum wire encased in plastic foam insulation, covered by an aluminum outer conductor, and then sheathed in plastic |
| microwave relay | audio and video transmitting system in which super-high-frequency signals are sent from land-based point to land-based point |
| spot commercial sales | selling individual 60-second spots on a given program to a wide variety of advertisers |
| nielsen | in 1936 ________ started reporting radio ratings and was doing the same for television by 1950 |
| sweeps periods | special television ratings times in february, may, july, and november in which diaries are distributed to thousands of sample households in selected markets |
| audimeter | the ___________ counted only the time the set was turned on and off and the channel to which it was tuned |
| share | the _______ measures a program audience as a percentage of the television sets in use at the time it airs; it tells us what proportion of the actual audience a program attracts, against its competition |
| community antenna television (CATV) | outmoded name for early cable television (john walson, pennsylvania, 1948) |
| importation of distant signals | using wires not only to provide improved reception but also to offer a wider variety of programming |
| all-channel legislation | in 1962 congress passed ___________________________, which required that all sets imported into or manufactured in the u.s. be equipped with both VHF and UHF receivers |
| joan cooney 1969 | prompted by _______ ________, CTW unveiled sesame street during the ____ television season |
| network | centralized production, distribution, decision-making organization that links affiliates for the purpose of delivering their viewers to advertisers |
| clear time | when local affiliates carry a network's program |
| satellite home viewers improvement act | federally mandated limitations on the importations by DBS of local over-the-air tv stations were finally eliminated in 1999 with the passage of the ______________________________ |
| directv dish network | DBS in the u.s. is dominated by two companies: _________ owned by murdoch's news corp, and ______ __________ |
| time-shifting | taping a show for later viewing |
| zipping | fast-forwarding through taped commercials |
| DVD (digital video disc) | in march 1996 the ___________ went on sale in U.S. stores |
| 1999 | in march _____ philips electronics unveiled its version of the digital video recorder (DVR), TiVo, and soon after, replay networks introduced its replayTV |
| multiplexing | the practice of using one channel to transmit multiple forms of content; in television and cable, through signal compression |
| bandwidth | space on the wires bringing content into people's homes |
| broadband | offers greater information-carrying capacity |
| bundling | delivering television, VOD, audio, high-speed internet access, long-distance and local phone service, multiple phone lines, and fax via cable |
| battleship potemkin | the __________ __________ was a silent film created in 1925 by sergei eisenstein |
| the untouchables | 1987 american crime-drama directed by brian de palma |
| mack sennett | great silent comedian, owner of keystone (studio) |
| fatty arbuckle | partying let to this great silent comedian's downfall |
| buster keaton | "old stone face," didn't laugh, outstanding director |
| the rounders | charlie chaplin and fatty arbuckle created ____ __________ in 1914; "drunk act" |
| united artists | __________ ___________ studios created in 1919 by d.w. griffith, charlie chaplin, douglas fairbanks sr. and mary pickford (known as america's sweethearts) idea to give actors and directors more profit (rather than producers) |
| the gold rush | 1925 film featuring chaplin as the "little tramp" |
| don juan | 1926 first film with synchronized music and sound effects |
| the jazz singer | 1927 the first "talkie" |
| al jolson | biggest musical star of his era (the 20s?) character = young boy who wanted to sing pop (jazz music), father wanted him to sing for the church |
| babies baseball bowling | "the killer Bs" (responsible for movie attendance slumps after WWII) __________, _________, & _________ |
| paramount disney dreamworks | current 7 major film studios: _____________ sony warner bros _________ 20th century fox universal _______________ (these studios receive about 90% of american film revenue today) |
| auteur | ___________ theory author/director/actor does all of the above i.e. orson welles, charlie chaplin, clint eastwood |
| genre | films from same ________ often share: - a set of rules about story telling - stylistic similarities ...diff. looks - a value system ...diff. rules |
| primitive parodic | evolution of film genres: ____________ to classic to revisionistic to _________ |
| value | the western genre ended because we no longer embrace its _________ system |
| maltese falcon | 1941 warner bros film - dashiell hammert - directed by jon huston - budget low - 31 on AFI list - humphrey bogart, mary aston, peter lowe, sydney greenstreet |
| 1922 | first broadcast commerical = WEAF, new york, ____ |
| radio act of 1927 | established the federal radio commission (to regulate radio) |
| communications act of 1934 | est. the federal communications commission (FCC) |
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