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autosomes chromosomes which carry the same genes in females and males sex chromosomes pair of chromosomes which differ between males and females and determine gender XX female XY male SRY gene determines gender, triggers formation of testes karyotype shows all chromosomes lined up arranged according to size, shape and length autosomal dominant inheritance trait specified usually in every generation achondroplasia, huntingtons autosomal dominant allele causes midget, lose control of nerves autosomal recessive inheritance expressed only in homozygotes galactosemia autosomal recessive allele causes individual to be unable to process glactose progeria accelerated aging caused my mutations in an autosome x-linked recessive disorder affects more males than females, cannot be passed from father to son x-linked dominant disorder rarer, females can dampen effects hemophilia a interferes with blood clotting, x-linked recessive red green color blindness x linked recessive, individual cannot distinguish among some colors DMD s linked recessive characterized by muscle degeneration duplication repeated sequence of DNA (Huntingtons) deletion loss of portion of chromosome (cri-du-chat) inversion flipped DNA sequence (may affect fertility) translocation two chromosomes exchange broken parts (may affect fertility-fetus of normal and affected dies) chromosome 2 during evolution two chromosomes fused end to end (telomere) polyploid cells have three or more of each chromosome (75% plants) nondisjunction changes in chromosome number whhne chromosomes do not seperate properly trisomy three of one type of chromosome monosomy having only one of a certain chromosome aneuploidy condition in which cells have too many of too few copies of a cell trisomy 21 causes down syndrome -- three chromosomes in 21 XO Turner syndrome -- no second sex chromosome XXX only one acticve, fine XXY nondisjunction, Klinefelter syndrome (overweight, tall, more estrogen than normal male) XYY extra y chromosome, causes mild mental impairment pedigree inhertiance patterns displayed as chart of genetic connections syndrome genetic disorder characterized by a specific set of symptoms