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organelle membrane-bound structure that is specialized to perform a distinct process within a cell eukaryotic cell cell that has a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles prokaryotic cell a cell that does not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles mitochondrion bean-shaped organelle that supplies energy to the cell and has its own ribosomes and DNA chloroplast organelle composed of numerous membranes that are used to convert solar energy into chemical energy; contains chlorophyll nucleus organelle composed of a double membrane that acts as the storehouse for most of the cell's DNA vesicle small organelle that contains and transports materials within the cytoplasm vacuole organelle that is used to store materials, such as water, food, or enzymes, that are needed by the cell selective permeability condition or quality of allowing some, but not all, materials to cross a barrier or membrane passive transport movement of molecules across the cell membrane without energy input from the cell active transport energy-requiring movement of molecules across a membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration (going against concentration gradient) concentration gradient difference in the concentration of a substance from one location to another osmosis diffusion of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration diffusion movement of dissolved molecules in a fluid or gas from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration hypertonic solution that has a higher concentration of dissolved particles compared with another soution hypotonic solution that has a lower concentration of dissolved particles compared with another solution facilitated diffusion diffusion of molecules assisted by protein channels that pierce a cell membrane endocytosis uptake of liquids or large molecules into a cell by inward folding of the cell membrane phagocytosis uptake of a solid particle into a cell by engulfing the particle; see endocytosis exocytosis release of substances out of a cell by the fusion of a vesicle with the membrane