Chapter 7 vocabulary- general bio- leonhard
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59 terms
Sundanese | English |
|---|---|
| cell |  the basic structural and and functional unit of all living things |
| cell theory | one of the fundamental ideas of modern biology and includesthe following the following three principals |
| compound light microscope | Consists of a series of glass lenses and uses visible light to produce a magnified image |
| electron microscope | Instead of lenses, the electron microscope uses magnets to aim a beam of electrons at a thin slice of cells |
| plasma membrane | a special boundary that helps control what enters and leaves the cell |
| prokaryotic | defined as cells without a nucleus or other membrane- bound organelles |
| eukaryotic | contain a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by membranes, also referred to as membrane- bound organelles |
| organelle | specialized structures that carry out specific cell functions |
| nucleus | a distinct central organelle that contains the cell's genetic material in the form of DNA |
| selective permeability | by which the membrane allows some substances to pass through while keeping others out |
| phospholipid layer | where two layers of phospholipids are arranged tail to tail |
| transport proteins | help move needed substances or waste materials through the plasma membrane and therefore contribute to the selective permeability of the plasma membrane |
| fluid mosaic model | the "fluid" concept for the plasma membrane |
| plasma membrane | a thin, flexible boundary between a cell and its environment that allows nutrients into the cell and allows waste and other byproducts to leave the cell |
| cytoplasm | the environment inside the plasma membrane which is a semi-fluid material |
| cytoskeleton | a supporting network of long, thin proteins fibers that form a framework for the cell and provide an anchor for the organelles inside the cell |
| microtubules | long, hollow protein cylinders that form a rigid skeleton for the cell and assist in moving substances within the cell |
| Microfilaments | thin protein threads that help give the cell shape and enable the entire cell or parts of the cell to move |
| the nucleus | The cells managing structure |
| ribosome | the organelles that help manufacture proteins |
| nucleolus | within the nucleus is the site of ribosome production |
| endoplasmic reticulum | Also called ER, is a membrane system of folded sacs and interconnected channels that serves as the site for protein and lipid synthesis |
| golgi apparatus | • A flattened stack of membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins into sacs called vesicles. |
| vacuoles | • A sac used to store food, enzymes, and other materials needed by the |
| lysosomes | • Vesicles that contain substances that digest excess or worn- our organelles and food particles |
| centrioles | • Organelles made of microtubules that function during cell division |
| mitochondria | • Cells also have energy generators called mitochondria that convert fuel particles (mainly sugars) into usable energy |
| choroplasts | • In addition to mitochondria, plants and some other eukaryotic cells contain chloroplasts, which are organelles that capture light energy and convert it to chemical energy through a process called photosynthesis. |
| cell wall | • A thick, rigid mesh of fibers that surrounds the outside of the plasma membrane, protecting the cell and giving it support |
| cilia | are short, numerous projections that look like hairs |
| flagela | are longer and less numerous that cilia |
| cytoplasm | the environment inside the plasma membrane which is a semi- fluid material |
| cytoskeleton | a supporting network of long, thin protein fibers that form a framework for the cell and provide an anchor for the organelles inside the cell |
| microtubules | long, hollow protein cylinders that form a rigid skeleton for the cell and assist in moving substances within the cell |
| microfilaments | thin proteins that help give the cell shape and enable the entire cell or parts of the cell to move |
| the nucleus | the cell's managing structure that contains most of the cell's DNA |
| cell wall | an inflexible barrier that provides support and protects the plant cell |
| centrioles | organelles that occur in pairs and are important for cell division |
| chloroplast | a double membrane organelle with thylakoids containing chlorophyll where photosynthesis takes place |
| cilia | projections from cell surfaces that aid in locomotion and feeding; also used to sweep substances along surfaces |
| cytoskeleton | a framework for the cell within the cytoplasm |
| endoplasmic reticulum | a highly folded membrane that is the site of protein synthesis |
| flagella | projections that aid in locomotion and feeding |
| golgi apparatus | a flattened stack of tubular membranes that modifies proteins and packages them for distribution outside the cell |
| lysosome | a vesicle that contains digestive enzymes for the breakdown of excess or worn out cllular substances |
| mitochondria | a membrane bound organelle that makes energy available to the rest of the cell |
| plasma membrane | a flexible boundry that controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell |
| ribosome | organelle that is the site of protein synthesis |
| vacuole | a membrane- bound vesicle for the temporary storage of materials |
| diffusion | the net movement of particles from an area where there are fewer particles of the substance |
| dynamic equilibrium | a condition in which there is continuous movement but no overall change |
| facilitated diffusion | a form of transport which uses transport proteins to move other ions and small molecules across the plasma membrane |
| osmosis | the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane |
| isotonic solution | when a cell is in a solution that has the same concentration of water and solutes as its cytoplasm |
| hypotonic solution | if a cell is in a solution that has a lower concentration of solute |
| hypertonic solution | when the concentration of the cell's solute on the outside of the cell is high than on the inside |
| active transport | the movement of substances across the plasma membrane that requires energy |
| endocytosis | the process by which a cell surrounds a substance in the outside environment |
| exocytosis | the secretion of materials at the plasma membrane |
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