The Cell Cycle& Mitosis and Cytokinesis
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40 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 What is the Cell cycle? | the regular pattern of growth, DNA duplication, and cell division that occurs in eukaryotic cells |
| what are the four main stages of the cell cycle? | Gap 1, Synthesis, Gap 2, and mitosis( Mitosis&cytokinesis) |
| gap 1? | cell is growing ( doubling in size ) and carrying out the specific job it needs to do |
| Synthesis? | the cell makes a copy of its nuclear DNA. by the end of S the cell nucleus contains two complete sets of DNA |
| what does "synthesis" mean? | "the combining of parts to make a whole" |
| Gap 2? | cells continue to carry out their normal functions adn additional growth occurs. |
| In order for gap 1 and gap 2 to go to the next stage what must happen? | everything must be in order- the cell must be the right size, undamaged DNA. |
| Mitosis? | the fourth stage of the cell cycle. within mitosis there is mitosis and cytokinesis. |
| What exactly is mitosis? | the division of the cell nucleus and its contents. the nuclear membrane dissolves and the duplicated DNA condenses around proteins and separates and two new nuclei form. |
| Cytokinesis? | the process that divides the cell cytoplasm. |
| what is the result of the cell cycle? | two new cells. |
| which divides faster: prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells? | prokaryotic cells. |
| how long does S, G2 and M stages take? | about 12 hours. |
| why is the rate of cell division greater in embryos and children than adults? | because their cell cycle is shorter and many of their organs are still developing. |
| Gº? | cells are unlikely to divide although they continue to carry out their normal functions. like neurons |
| what would happen if cells were too small? | they could not contain all of the necessary organelles and molecules. |
| what would happen if cells were too large? | as cells increase in size its volume increases faster than its surface area so a further increase in size could result in a surface area too small fo the adequate exchange of materials. |
| to maintain a suitable cell size what must be coordinated? | growth and division. |
| during which stage of the cell cycle is the DNA copied? | Mitosis |
| what materials must be transported in adequate amounts and with adequate speed to keep the inside of the cell functioning? | oxygen, nutrients and wastes |
| what is a chromosome? | one long continuous thread of DNA that consists of numerous genes along with regulatory information. |
| how many chromosomes do your body cells each have ? | 46 |
| what is interphase? | the state that a cell is in when it is not dividing. the DNA is loosely organized. |
| during mitosis why must the duplicated chromosomes condense to be divided between two nuclei ? | if chromosomes remained stringy during mitosis they could become entangled. |
| Histones? | protein molecules around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin |
| Chromatin? | the loose combination of DNA and proteins |
| where are chromosomes copied? | S stage |
| what is one half of a duplicated chromosome? | chromatid |
| what are the two identical chromatids called? | sister chromatids |
| where are the sister chromatids held together? | centromere. |
| what is the centromere? | a region of the condensed chromosome, that looks pinched. |
| what are the ends of DNA molecules form structures called? | telomeres |
| what are telomeres made of? | repeating nucleotides that do not form genes. |
| what do telomeres do? | they prevent the ends of chromosomes from accidentally attaching to each other, adn they help prevent the loss of genes. |
| what does interphase provide? | it provides critical time for the duplication of organelles and for DNA replication. |
| does mitosis occur in all body cells? | yes |
| what is prophase? | the first stage of mitosis when chromatin condenses the nuclear envelope breaks down the nucleolus disappears and the centrosomes and centrioles migrate to opposite sides of the cell. |
| what is metaphase? | the second phase of mitosis when spindle fibers align the chromosomes along the cell equator. |
| what is anaphase? | the third phase of mitosis during which chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite sides of the cell. |
| what is telophase? | the last phase of mitosis when a complete set of identical chromosomes is positioned at each pole of the cell, the nuclear membranes start to form the chromosomes begin to uncoil and the spindle fibers disassemble. |
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