Chapter 9. Nervous Tissue
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Created by:
ggreenfield on November 9, 2010
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81 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Brain, Spinal cord, Nerves, Enteric plexuses, Sensory receptors. | Structures of the Nervous System. |
| Brain | Neurons enclosed within skull. |
| Spinal cord | Connects to brain and enclosed within spinal cavity. |
| Nerves | Bundles of many axons of neurons. |
| Cranial nerves | Emerge from brain. (12 pairs) |
| Spinal nerves | Emerge from spinal cord. (31 pairs) |
| Enteric plexuses | Networks in digestive tract. |
| Sensory receptors | Monitor changes in internal or external environments. |
| Sensory receptors and sensory nerves | Carry information into brain and spinal cord. |
| Integration | Information processing. |
| Integration | Analyzing and storing information to help lead to appropriate responses. |
| Perception | Awareness of sensory input. |
| Motor activity | Efferent nerves. |
| Motor activity | Signals to muscles and glands. (effectors) |
| Central Nervous System (CNS) | Brain and spinal cord. |
| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) | All nervous system structures outside of the CNS. |
| Neurons | Can respond to stimuli and convert stimuli to electrical signals (nerve impulses) that travel along neurons. |
| Neuroglia | Support, nourish and protect neurons. |
| Neuroglia | Critical for homeostasis of interstitial fluid around neurons. |
| Cell body | Nucleus, cytoplasm with typical organelles. |
| Dendrites | Highly branched structures that carry impulses into the cell body. |
| Axon | Conducts away from cell body toward another neuron, muscle or gland. |
| Axon hillock | Axon emerges at a cone-shaped elevation. |
| Axon terminals | Contain synaptic vesicles that can release neurotransmitters. |
| Multipolar, Bipolar, Unipolar. | Structural Classes of Neurons. |
| Multipolar | Have several or many dendrites and one axon. |
| Multipolar | Most common type in brain and spinal cord. |
| Bipolar | Have one dendrite and one axon. |
| Bipolar | Example: in retina of eye and inner ear. |
| Unipolar | Have fused dendrite and axon. |
| Unipolar | Sensory neurons of spinal nerves. |
| Sensory, Motor, Interneurons. | Functional Classes of Neurons. |
| Sensory neurons | Afferent neurons. |
| Sensory neurons | Convey impulses into CNS. |
| Motor neurons | Efferent neurons. |
| Motor neurons | Convey impulses from CNS out through the PNS to effectors (muscles or glands). |
| Interneurons | Association neurons. |
| Interneurons | Most are within the CNS. |
| Interneurons | Transmit impulses between neurons, such as between sensory and motor neurons. |
| Brain | Contains about 100 billion neurons. |
| Neuroglia | Cells smaller but much more numerous than neurons. |
| Neuroglia | Can multiply and divide and fill in brain areas. |
| Neuroglia Functions | Support, nourish and protect neurons. |
| Gliomas | Brain tumors derived from neuroglia. |
| Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Microglia, Ependymal cells, Schwann cells, Satellite cells. | Types of neuroglia cells. |
| Astrocytes | Help form blood brain barrier. |
| Oligodendrocytes | Produce myelin in CNS. |
| Microglia | Protect CNS cells from disease. |
| Ependymal cells | Form CSF (Cerebro Spinal Fluid) in ventricles. |
| Schwann cells | Produce myelin around PNS neurons. |
| Schwann cells | Help to regenerate PNS axons. |
| Satellite cells | Support neurons in PNS ganglia. |
| Myelin sheath | Axons covered with a _____. |
| Myelin sheath | Many layers of lipid and protein: insulates neurons. |
| Myelin sheath | Increases speed of nerve conduction. |
| Myelin sheath | Appears white (in white matter). |
| Nodes of Ranvier | Gaps in the myelin. |
| Nodes of Ranvier | Important for rapid signal conduction. |
| Multiple sclerosis, Tay-Sachs | Some diseases destroy myelin. |
| Ganglion | Cluster of neuron cell bodies in PNS. |
| Nucleus | Cluster of neuron cell bodies in CNS. |
| Nerve | Bundle of axons in PNS. |
| Tract | Bundle of axons in CNS. |
| White matter | Primarily myelinated axons. |
| White matter | Surrounds centrally located "H" of Spinal cord. |
| White matter | The largest portion of the brain. |
| Gray matter | Cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, neuroglia. |
| Gray matter | Centrally located "H" or "butterfly" of Spinal cord. |
| Gray matter | In thin cortex surrounds white matter (tracts). |
| Brain, Spinal cord. | Central nervous system (CNS) structures. |
| Cranial nerves and branches, Spinal nerves and branches, Ganglia, Sensory receptors. | Peripheral nervous system (PNS) structures. |
| Somatic (SNS), Autonomic (ANS), Enteric (ENS). | Peripheral nervous system (PNS) divisions. |
| Somatic (SNS) | Sensory neurons from head, body wall, limbs, special sense organs. |
| Somatic (SNS) | Motor neurons to skeletal muscle: voluntary. |
| Autonomic (ANS) | Sensory neurons from viscera. |
| Autonomic (ANS) | Motor neurons to viscera (cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands): involuntary. |
| Sympathetic | "fight-or-flight" |
| Parasympathetic | "rest-and-digest" |
| Enteric (ENS) | "brain of the gut" |
| Enteric (ENS) | Sensory neurons monitor chemical changes and stretching of GI wall. |
| Enteric (ENS) | Motor neurons regulate contractions, secretions and endocrine secretions (involuntary). |
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