| Term | Definition |
| longevity | long life, long duration |
| lifespan | the period during which something is functional (as between birth and death) |
| life expectancy | the average number of years a person would expect to live in a society |
| rank | to place in order; classify |
| centenarian | someone who is at least 100 years old |
| determine | shape or influence |
| dog | to cause problems or difficulties |
| raft | (often followed by 'of') a large number or amount or extent |
| indefinitely | for an unlimited time |
| overwhelming | too great, powerful, or serious to be resisted or handled. |
| inequalities | Not equal. |
| pecking order | the organization of people at different ranks in life |
| epidemiology | the branch of medical science dealing with the transmission and control of disease |
| epidemiologist | a medical scientist who studies the transmission and control of epidemic diseases |
| civil service | government workers |
| civil servants | employees of the government |
| incidentally | by the way |
| cohesive | united and working together |
| scrap heap | a pile of old, unwanted things, especially pieces of metal |
| be thrown on the scrap heap | If an idea or person is on the scrap heap, people are no longer interested in them |