History Exam 3
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125 terms
Latin | English |
|---|---|
| Jewish Diaspora |  the global dispersion of the jewish people from their ancestral homeland, with a history dating back to millennia |
| Septuagint | A pre-Christian Greek translation of the Hebrew Scriptures made by Jewish scholars, and later adopted by Greek-speaking Christians (213). |
| The Etruscans | conquered rome in 616 B.C., developed dams, sewers, leather shoes, Gladitorial games, |
| Magna Graecia | "Great Greece"; The areas in southern Italy and Sicily where many Greek colonies were established |
| Tarquinius Superbus | according to legend, the seventh and last Etruscan king of Rome who was expelled for his cruelty (reigned from 534 to 510 BC) |
| Lucretia | She represented Roman honor, virtue and everything good about Roman women. She was raped by Tarquin's son, and he threatened to kill her if she told anyone. She killed herself as a result, causing the Romans to rebel against the Etruscans, freeing themselves from their Etruscan overlords. |
| Senex | Wise old man- Senate |
| Latin Right | a system of rewards given to conquered peoples which always required military aid for Rome and would eventually lead to citizenship |
| Carthage | Founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by Rome in the third century B.C.E. (p. 107) - Hannibal |
| Messana | What city in Sicily did Carthage occupy in 264 BC? |
| First Punic War | Rome against Carthage; conflict over Messana. Results: Sicily falls to Rome and Rome develops a fleet |
| Hannibal | Carthaginian military commander who, in the Second Punic War, attempted a surprise attack on Rome, crossing the Alps with a large group of soldiers, horses, and elephants. |
| Second Punic War | Better Carthaginian leadership: Hannibal: Defeats Rome repeatedly, including: Battle of Cannae. War resolved by carrying battle to Africa: Scipio Africanus/Battle of Zama |
| Scipio Africanus | Roman general who commanded the invasion of Carthage in the second Punic War and defeated Hannibal at Zama (circa 237-183 BC) |
| Senate | In ancient Rome, the supreme governing body, originally made up only of aristocrats. |
| Consuls | Two officials from the patrician class were appointed each year of the Roman Republic to supervise the government and command the armies |
| Praetors | elected to help consuls, commanded armies in times of war and oversaw legal system in times of peace |
| Quaestors | ______ were elected officials of the Roman Republic who supervised the treasury and financial affairs of the state, its armies and its officers. Roman Republic |
| Censors | Roman magistrates who registered citizens according to their wealth, appointed candidates to the Senate, and oversaw the moral conduct of all citizens |
| Patricians | Powerful landowners who controlled Roman government and society |
| Plebians | Members of the lower class of Ancient Rome including farmers, merchants, artisans and traders |
| Equestrians | In the early Roman Republic, one of the richest classes in the Roman army, those who could afford to maintain a horse. By the late Republic, their role expanded into banking and commerce. |
| Struggle of the Orders | a great social conflict that developed between patricians and plebeians; the plebeians wanted real political representation and safeguards against patrician domination. |
| Twelve Tables | the earliest written collection of Roman laws, drawn up by patricians about 450B.C., that became the foundation of Roman law |
| Latifundia | Because of the riches brought into rome, these massive estates were built by rich families. As rome conquered more and more territory, conquered people were forced to work here as slaves. Old consuls were told to govern provinces of rome during this time period, to get a better control of the land that was rome. These estates hurt the small time farmer, who all moved to rome in angry mobs. The rich class was very corrupt at these times. |
| Tiberius Gracchus | Grandson of General Scipio; Proposed law to take land back from Senators and give it to the landless. ; Very popular with the masses; Opponents organized a riot where he was killed. The senate were the opponents and they got away with killing Tiberius; He was very popular with the poor people; Scipio lead Romans into Zama; - some of the land could have come from the senators |
| Marius | became consul and began to recruit his army in a new way. He recruited volunteers from the urban and rural poor who owned no property. These volunteers swore an oath to the general, not to the roman state. He created a new system of military recruitment that placed much power in the hands of the individual generals. |
| Sulla | a Roman general and a conservative politician, holding the office of consul twice as well as the dictatorship. A gifted and effective general, _____ marched his armies on Rome twice, enjoying the absolute power of a dictator. As dictator, he enacted a series of reforms to the Roman constitution that sought to strengthen the aristocracy. His dictatorship, however, marked the beginning of the end of the Constitution of the Roman Republic, and to the Roman Republic itself. |
| The First Triumvirate | It was formed in 60 B.C.E. Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey formed an alliance. The word Triumvirate refers to a "three man rule". These three men possessed a huge amount of power between them. This allowed them to dominate the political sight. |
| Julius Ceaser | crushed the army of his political enemy Pompey (48), pursued other enemies to Egypt, where he installed Cleopatra as queen (47), returned to Rome, and was given a mandate by the people to rule as dictator for life (45). On March 15 of the following year he was murdered by a group of republicans led by Cassius and Brutus, who feared he intended to establish a monarchy ruled by himself. |
| Marcus Crassus | Richest man in Rome. Decimated his army before defeating Spartacus. He and his son were killed fighting against the Parthian army in present day Syria. |
| Pompey the Great | Roman general and statesman who quarrelled with Caesar and fled to Egypt where he was murdered . Caesar, Pompey and Marcus all shared power. caesar wanted more power and defeated them. |
| Octavian | Formed Second Triumvirate in 43BC with Antony and Lepidus after Caesar's death,reduced power of the Senate, began a period known as Pax Romana or Roman Peace |
| Marc Antony | Ruled the east while Octavian ruled the west. Defeated by Octavian because the greek senate declared war on them due to Octavians supporting words. Committed suicide with Cleopatra after seeing no escape |
| Lepidus | the weakest link of the 2nd triumvirate. Had been commander of Caesar's cavalry. He also took Africa. |
| Second Triumvirate | Made by the Adoptive son of Julius Caesar and included Marc Anthony, Octavian, and a third less important member Lepidus. They split the empire between them with Octavian ruling Rome, Anthony Egypt and Lepidus Africa. Octavian would gain political power in Rome making Anthony seem like a weaker man for being seduced by Cleopatra and made him declare war against Octavian. He eventually won. |
| Cleopatra | (31 B.C.) - She was the queen of Egypt known as a Ptolemaic ruler. She became queen when her dad died and she and her brother was not old enough to rule. She and Julius Caesar had an affair and they had a child together and named it Caesarion. Caesar and Cleopatra may have wanted to rule together but he was assassinated before they got the chance. Later she became married to Marc Antony which was supposed to be a peace maker between Rome and Egypt and Antony was still going to rule with Octavian. Octavian did not approve and attacked Egypt. Cleopatra and Marc Antony decided to kill themselves rather than having it done by Octavian. |
| Caesarion | son of Julius Caesar and Cleoptra, could not become emperor because he was killed by Octavian |
| Princeps | Latin for "first citizen." Augustus and other Roman emperors gave themselves this title to distinguish themselves from Hellenistic monarchs |
| Praetorian Guard | they evolved from the bodyguards that protected a general. Augustus established several units from his own troops and they became the later emperors' personal elite force. |
| Julio-Claudian Dynasty | ... |
| Tiberius | Adopted son of Octavian; Continues many of Octavian's policies; Married Octavian's daughter; Suspicious of aristocrats in the Senate; Many people were executed on rumors |
| Caligula | Adopted son of Tiberius; Had no political experience before becoming emperor; Suffered a nervous breakdown 6 months later; Became increasingly erratic and violent, "Let them hate me as long as they fear me."; Spent money on foolish projects, banished or killed many family members, claimed to be all the gods combined, made his horse a consul; Murdered by his own men after insulting the army |
| Claudius | Became emporer after Tiberius' death, and conquered Britain. Married Agrippina, and adopted her son Nero. She poisoned Claudius so Nero could be emperor. |
| Nero | Last of the Julio Claudian emperors (related to Caesar), Initially tried to rule as Octavian, Murdered his meddling mother, Blamed Christians for fire in Rome. "fiddle while Rome burned." |
| Agrippina | wife who poisoned Claudius after her son Nero was declared heir and who was then put to death by Nero |
| Seneca | wrote tragedies based on Greek plays; onstage violence; plays not staged; revenge; influenced Shakespeare with 5-act structure |
| Marcus Aurelius | well educated and loved philosophy, opposed war but had to defend the empire, wrote "Meditations" personal reflections of his beliefs, ruled at the end of the Pax Romana |
| Shapor I | Attacked the eastern border of the Roman Empire. Successful king of Persia. Captured Tiberius alerian and used him as a footstool |
| Decius | A member of the conspiracy. Decius convinces Caesar that Calphurnia misinterpreted her dire nightmares and that, in fact, no danger awaits him at the Senate. Decius leads Caesar right into the hands of the conspirators. |
| Valerian | Issued two Rescripts. The first Roman emperor to ever be capture by foreign enemy. After his death, Romans stuffed his body and hung it inside a temple. He was held prisoner for five years, humiliated, tortured, and showed great courage during this ordeal. |
| Libellus | document that certified a Roman citizen had performed the libations in honor of the Roman gods |
| tetrarchy | rule by four; the system of government established by Diocletian (284-305) in which the Roman Empire was divided into two parts, each ruled by an "Augustus" assisted by a "Caesar." |
| Diocletian | Roman emperor who was faced with military problems, when that happend he decided to divide the empire between himself in the east and maximian in the west. he did the last persecution of the Christians |
| Galerius | One of the four rulers of Diocletian's Tetrarchy (splitting Roman Empire into 4 sections) Ruled the part of the empire along the Danube River He had great power as a Caesar in this district, even though Diocletian retained full leadership of empire. Wary of Christians, continued persecutions as Diocletian had begun. Stricken with leprosy. He admitted politics were failure; this will give peace under Constantine. |
| Maximianus | Ruled with Diocletian 286-305 AD, and ruled again after a brief abdication 306-308 and then again in 310 AD. |
| Constantius Chlorus | Father of Constantine the Great, died in Eburacum (York) in 306 |
| Constantine | Roman Emperor (4th century A.D.) who promoted tolerance to all religions in the Roman Empire and legalized Christianity |
| Licinius | Edict of Milan, co-emperor with Constantine, reneged on edict and was elimanated |
| Edict of Milan | issued by Constantine in 313, ended the "great persecution" and legalized Christianity in the Roman Empire |
| Caesaropapism | refers to the dual role of the head of State and leader of the Church in which the temporal ruler extends his own powers to ecclesiastical and theological matters. |
| Donatism | Heresy of 4th and 5th centuries holding that validity of sacraments depends on moral character of the priest; also that sinners can not be members of the Church. |
| Arianism | early teaching of the church that was heretical by saying that Jesus was not God but created by God |
| Arius | a Greek who was a Christian theologian active in Alexandria and who was declared a heretic for his doctrines about God (which came to be known as Arianism) (256?-336) |
| Huns | Warlike people who migrated from Eastern Europe into territory controlled by Germanic tribes, forcing them to move into areas controlled by Rome |
| Foederati | Name applied to barbarian tribes living on the fringes of the Roman Empire and who formed an alliance by treaty with Rome. Ancient societies sought to create empires wherein the conquered people might prove useful and valuable as slaves/vassals. The Roman Empire was able to mount and sustain complex, expensive, and long-term military operations and to maintain elaborate colonial administrations. Therefore, had less to fear from "barbarians" than their predecessors. |
| Visigoths | A member of the western Goths that invaded the Roman Empire in the fourth century A.D. and settled in France and Spain, establishing a monarchy that lasted until the early eighth century. |
| Alaric | king of the Visigoths who captured Rome in 410 (370-410) |
| Odoacer | Germanic barbarian leader who ended the western Roman Empire in 476 and became the first barbarian ruler of Italy (434-493) |
| Ulfilas | a Christian believed to be of Cappadocian descent who became bishop of the Visigoths in 341 and translated the Bible from Greek into Gothic |
| Byzantine Empire | Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century onward, taken from 'Byzantion,' an early name for Constantinople, the Byzantine capital city. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453. |
| Constantinople | Previously known as Byzantium, Constantine changed the name of the city and moved the capitol of the Roman Empire here from Rome. |
| Justinian I | greatest Byzantine emperor (able & active ruler); beautified Constantinople, systemized Roman law, sought to complete the Christianization of the empire |
| Corpus Juris Civilis | New code of the Roman Law decided by Justinian I in 529 CE that made Orthodox Christianity the law of the land. It means the "body of civil law"., New code of the Roman Law decided by Justinian I in 529 CE that made Orthodox Christianity the law of the land. It means the "body of civil law". |
| Islam | A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims. |
| Muhammed | born 570 C.E. Died 632 C.E. The creator and Preacher of the islamic religion. Sent away in his childhod to live with a nomad, he grew up as a trodor and became a prophet of the Angel Gabriel |
| Medina | City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca. (p. 231) |
| Mecca | a city in western Saudi Arabia; birthplace of the prophet Muhammad and most holy city for Islamic people |
| Koran | the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina |
| Five Pillars of Faith | five steps to take to become less evil, part of the Islam religion; affirmation, prayer, almsgiving, fasting, and pilgrimage |
| Ramadan | the ninth month of the Muslim year, during which strict fasting is observed from sunrise to sunset |
| Merovingian Dynasty | a Frankish dynasty founded by Clovis I that reigned in Gaul and Germany from about 500 to 750 |
| Clovis | King of Franks; conquered Gaul; earned support of Gaul and Church of Rome by converting; Ruled lands in Frankish custom but kept Roman legacy |
| Carolingian Dynasty | a Frankish dynasty founded by Charlemagne's father that ruled from 751 to 987 |
| Charles Martel | Carolingian monarch of Franks; responsible for defeating Muslims in battle of Tours in 732; ended Muslim threat to western Europe. |
| Mayor of the Palace | Mayor of the palace is someone who oversaw what the king did. He took care of the day to day affairs of the Merovingians. |
| Pepin the Short | He was Charles Martel's son. He defeated the Lombards and gave their land to the Pope. This territoy became the Papal States. He was annointed King by the Grace of God. |
| Childeric | (The stupid); End of Clovis' line; Pepin took throne from him |
| Charlemagne | King of the Franks who conquered much of Western Europe, great patron of leterature and learning |
| Alcuin of York | head of Charlemagne's court school 782. One of the Foremost grammarians and theologians of the period...served as Charlemagne's personel tutor |
| Benedict of Aniane | 747-821 (Late 8th, Early 9th Century) - Monk |
| Magyars | barbarian people who migrated into southern Europe, and in the early 10th century ad occupied Hungary, from where their horsemen raided into France, Italy, Germany, and even Spain |
| Vikings | one of a seafaring Scandinavian people who raided the coasts of northern and western from the eighth through the tenth century. |
| Anglo Saxons | A united kingdom of the German Saxons and Angles (both of which had invaded England in the early 5th century); had been united under King Alfred the Great in the late 9th century; invaded by King William of Normandy in 1066, defeating King Harold (Battle of Hastings); intermarriage between the French Normans and Anglo Saxon nobles soon began. |
| Danes | Vikings that invaded England and battled with Alfred the Great at the Battle of Edington |
| Alfred the Great | stopped Vikings and unified Anglo-Saxon kingdom to put up a united front against the Vikings; only English king with the title "Great" |
| Witenagemont | a group of nobles and church leaders who met with the king to talk over problems |
| Sheriff | English government official in charge of a shire |
| William the Conqueror | the duke of Normandy, a province of France, and the leader of the Norman Conquest of England. He defeated the English forces at the Battle of Hastings in 1066 and became the first Norman King of England. |
| Normans | a member of a Viking people who raided and then settled in the French province later known as Normandy, and who invaded England in 1066 |
| Battle of hastings | the decisive battle in which William the Conqueror (duke of Normandy) defeated the Saxons under Harold II (1066) and thus left England open for the Norman Conquest |
| Domesday Book | A record of all the property and holdings in England commissioned by William the Conqueror in 1066 so he could determine the extent of his lands and wealth |
| Henry I | William's son, ruled 1100-1135, made a common legal system for all England with royal judges trying court cases rather than Church courts; created a exchequer (treasury) |
| Exchequer | the title of the person who collected taxes for william the conqueror |
| King John | Henry's son; king of England who raised taxes and punished his enemies without trials; was forced to sign the Magna Carta (which took some power away from him) |
| Magna Carta | Great Charter forced upon King John of England by his barons in 1215; established that the power of the monarchy was not absolute and guaranteed trial by jury and due process of law to the nobility |
| Hugh Capet | put to throne because of his weakness; made throne hereditary; Capetians had an unbroken succession for 300 years; effective beauracracy |
| Capetian Dynasty | slowly increased royal power; made throne hereditary; unbroken successions for 300 years; added land; support of Church and townspeople; effective bureaucracy |
| Philip Augustus | king of France who strengthened government by using paid middle class officials to fill government positions, made a standing army, and introduced national tax |
| Louis IX | (1226-1270) Made royal courts dominant over feudal courts; declared only king could mint coins; banned private warfare; weakened feudal ties; made into a saint for his chivalrous behavior |
| Otto the Great | king of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor who defeated the Magyar army, which ended the Magyar raids, was named Eperor of the Romans by Pope John XII |
| Duchy | The territory belonging to a certain duke |
| Sacrament | An efficacious sign of grace, instituted by Christ and entrusted to the Church, by which divine life is dispensed through the work of the Holy Spirit. There are seven sacraments. |
| Penance | n. Punishment to which one voluntarily submits or subjects himself as an expression of penitence. |
| Bruno/Leo IX | A reformer who attacked simony and pressed for clerical celibacy. Walked from Germany to Italy had large support to become pope. |
| Simony | the selling of official positions in the medieval roman catholic church |
| Humbert | Monastic companion of Leo IX whose intransigence leads to schism between eastern and western churches |
| Hildebrand/Pope Gregory VII | Another reformer; comes into conflict with German Emperor Henry IV over who has the right to select or depose bishops; Uses interdict to force Henry to concede; dies in exile when Henry invades Italy |
| Curia | College of cardinals meet and chose the next pope. Put into play by Nicholas II |
| Investiture controversy | struggle between the papacy and the secular rulers of Europe over the latter's presentation of the symbols of office to churchmen |
| Interdict | an ecclesiastical censure by the Roman Catholic Church withdrawing certain sacraments and Christian burial from a person or all persons in a particular district |
| Henry IV | Holy Roman Emperor, opposed the pope on the issue of lay investiture, he is excommunicated and ends up begging the pope for forgiveness |
| Concordat of Worms | Agreement reached between Pope Calixtus II and Henry V which governs who can select or depose clerics |
| Innocent III | most powerful pope to hold the office; faces down kings: Philip Augustus of France, john of england: Convenes fourth lateran Council |
| The Macedonian Wars | Initiated when Philip V of Macedon allies with Carthage. Results in protracted series of wars which ultimately bring Macedonia and Greece under Roman rule |
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