BVS 6210 Systemic Pharm MT1
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ctuong2013 on November 15, 2010
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88 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Pharmacology | study and science of the effects of drugs on organism and systems |
| Clinical Pharmacology | effects of drugs on physiological systems and/or patients |
| Pharmacotherapeutics | use of drugs for therapeutic purposes |
| Diagnostic Pharmacotherapeutics | drugs used to aid in examination, evaluation and diagnosis of the patient or patient condition. ex: contrast media, adenosine, fluorescein |
| Prophylactic pharmacotherapeutics | drugs used to prevent an illness, infection, complication, adverse effect, etc. ex: annual influenza vaccination, using proparacaine prior to administration of dilating drops |
| Treatment Pharmacotherapeutics | drugs used in the therapeutic mgmt of dz or medical conditions. ex: metoprolol for the tx of htn, moxifloxacin for tx of bacterial conjunctivitis |
| drugs | chemical entities/compounds that affect the actions of physiologic processes, tissues, systems and/or organs. |
| pharmacokinetics | distinct processes, factors, and processes whereby drugs are absorbed and distributed in the body, biotransformed, and excreted from the body |
| pharmacodynamics | properties of drug effects, incl. time to onset of action, time to reach peak effects, duration of action, and expected times for drug clearance. Pharmacodynamics can be impacted by pharmacokinetic changes. |
| pharmacogenetics | relationship(s) btwn genetic factors and drug responses |
| therapeutic effect | desired pharmacologic effect(s) of a drug |
| tolerance | decreased effectiveness of a drug over time with repeated use |
| drug idiosyncracy | unusual or unexpected response to a drug |
| adverse drug effect (ADE) | undeseriable (or side) effect a drug that is other than the intended clinical or therapeutic effect(s). also referred to as ADRs (adverse drug rxns) |
| drug dependence | condition generated by repeated exposure to a drug in which reliance on the drug develops |
| physiologic dependence | occurs when the body physically/physiologically develops reliance on a drug. abrupt drug discontinuance can lead to adverse effects including (but not limited to) withdrawal, rebound, etc. |
| psychological dependence | occurs when an individual develops strong psychological reliance on a drug. investigations continue into what might be physiologic components to this condition, but it is known that individuals will continue to seek the drug to continue feeling the drug's effect, or to minimize the consequential feelings that can occur when the drug's effects are not being felt. |
| drug withdrawal | effects that occur when one or more drugs that a person has become dependent on has been discontinued. some withdrawal syndromes are unpleasant but not life-threatening. others can result in serious effects |
| drug interactions | effects caused by a combination of 2 or more drugs |
| altered absorption | combination of 2 or more drugs impedes or inhibits the absorption of one or more of the drugs being taken/administered. drugs may inhibit absorption of other drugs across the physiologic membranes |
| additive effects | response elicted by combined drugs is equal to the combined responses of the individual drugs "1 + 1 = 2" |
| synergism | the response elicited by combined drugs is GREATER than the combined responses of individual drugs "1 + 1 = 3" |
| antagonism | drug inhibits the effect of another drug. usually the antagonist has no inherent activity "1 + 1 = 0" |
| potentiation | a drug which has no principal effect enhances the effect of a second drug "0 + 1 + 2" |
| altered absorption | drugs may inhibit absorption of other drugs across physiologic membranes |
| altered metabolism | interactions can occur when P450 enzyme are inhibited or induced. |
| altered excretion | drugs may act on the kidneys to reduce or enhance excretion of specific drugs |
| competition for serum protein binding | drugs that bind to serum proteins may compete with other drugs for the protein binding sites. displacement of drug "A" from serum proteins by drug "B" may increase the concentration of unbound drug "A" in the serum |
| chemical names | name of the chemical entity, usually reference the chemical structure of the drug |
| generic name (non-proprietary name) | the non-proprietary, common name by which the drug is known (irrespective of manufacturer). |
| trade name (proprietary name) | proprietary (manufacturer's) name. aka "brand name" |
| aa | of each |
| A.C. | before meals |
| A.M. | morning |
| app | applicator, apply |
| ATC | around the clock |
| B.I.D. | two times a day |
| Cap | capsule |
| C.C. | with meals |
| DC | discontinue |
| gm | gram |
| gr | grain |
| gtt | drop |
| hr, h | hour |
| H.S. | at bedtime |
| INJ | inject |
| I.M. | intramuscular |
| I.V. | intravenous |
| L | liter |
| lb | pound |
| mcg | microgram |
| mEq | microequivalent |
| mg | milligram |
| mL | milliliter |
| oz | ounce |
| P.C. | after meals (food) |
| P.O | orally (by mouth) |
| P.R.N. | as needed |
| P.R. | rectally |
| P.V. | vaginally |
| Q, q | every |
| qAM | every morning |
| q Day | once a day |
| q hr | every hour |
| Q.I.D. | four times a day |
| Q.O.D. | every other day |
| qPM | every evening |
| qAM | every morning |
| qs | "up to" |
| Sig | directions |
| ss | one half |
| STAT | now/immediately |
| Supp | suppository |
| Tab | tablet |
| tbs | tablespoon, tablespoonful |
| T.I.D. | three times a day |
| tsp | teaspoon, teaspoonful |
| U.D. | as directed |
| Ung | ointment |
| W.A. | while awake |
| half-life | amount of time that it takes for 50% of serum levels (or concentration) of a drug to be eliminated, either by metabolism or excretion |
| distribution half-life (T1/2-alpha) | decrease in drug serum concentration as the drug is distributed in the body |
| elimination half-life (T1/2-beta) | decrease in drug serum concentration as the result of metabolic and excretion processes |
| single dose | serum concentration rises, reaches a peak, and then decreases as the drug is distributed in the body, then eliminated |
| continuous infusion | serum concentration of the drug reaches a steady state after 4-5 half-lives. increasing the rate of infusion will increase the serum concentration of the drug at steady study, but will not shorten the time needed to achieve steady state levels. |
| intermittent dose | serum concentration peaks are the high points in the concentration fluctuations, troughs are the low points |
| leading dose | first dose of drug that is calculated to be higher than the doses that will follow. loading doses are given to reach therapeutic serum drug concentrations more quickly than administering routine intermittent doses. |
| maintenance doses | routine doses that keep steady state drug serum concentrations in the therapeutic range |
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