MSK
Order by
63 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Osteitis condensans ilii | Sclerosis of iliac side of SI joint, which is otherwise pristine. Usually females after several births, but men can have too. Usually bilateral, triangle shaped (base inferiorly) Can present with pain, often incidental finding. |
| Causes of secondary DJD | Infection Wilson's RA Hemophilia AVN Trauma CPPD Hemochromatosis |
| Localized thickening of periosteum | Brodie's abscess Osteoid osteoma Healed stress fracture |
| Wormian bones | Cleidocranial dysostosis Pyknodysostosis Osteogenesis imperfecta Hypothyroid Down syndrome |
| Permeative pattern | Lymphoma Leukemia Ewing's Multiple myeloma Osteomyelitis Neuroblastoma |
| Expansile lesions of bone | Multiple myeloma Mets Aneurysmal bone cyst. Fibrous displasia Brown tumor Enchondroma |
| Pelvic lesions think of | Osteochondroma Solitary plasmacytoma Chordoma |
| Spine lesions think of | Osteoblastoma Chordoma Mets |
| Malignant lesions multiple sites | Metastatic diesease Multiple myeloma Lymphoma Ewings (rare) Osteosarcoma (rare) |
| Causes of avascular necrosis | Sickle cell Gaucher's Polycythemia Pancreatitis Caisson's disease Vasculitis Trauma Idiopathic Steroids |
| Round cell lesions | Multiple myeloma - 50s Ewing's - teens early 20s Histiocytosis - infant child Leukemis - 5 to 15 Reticular cell sarcoma - mid 30s |
| Expansile rib lesions | Plasmacytoma Mets Chondrosarcoma Fibrous displasia Eosinophilic granuloma Neurofibromatosis |
| Lytic lesions in childern | Eosinophilic granuloma Neuroblastoma Leukemia |
| Blastic lesions in children | only Medulloblastoma |
| Lytic lesions in adults | Multiple myeloma. Primary tumor. Mets - lung, renal, thyroid. |
| Blastic lesions in adults | Lymphoma Paget's Mets - breast, prostate, colon, lymphoma |
| Benign lesions without sclerotic margin | Giant cell tumor Brown tumor Paget's in lytic phase |
| Differential of focal periostitis | Stress fracture Osteoid osteoma Osteomyelitis Lymphoma Periosteal osteosarcoma |
| Differential of lesion with appearance of sequestrum | Osteoid osteoma Infection Lymphoma Eosinophic granuloma (Langerhans cell histiocytosis) "button sequestrum" Fibrosarcoma |
| Differential of chest wall mass with rib destruction | Ewing sarcoma PNET (Askin tumor) Soft tissue sarcoma. |
| CPPD | Calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease. Rare under age 30, predominantly in elderly. Possibly enzyme mutation regulating pyrophsphate. Imaging Symmetric Cartilage narrowing, sclerosis subchondral cysts, osteos Knee patellofemoral predominant chondrocalcinosis of menisci (not required) Hand wrist TFCC chondrocalcinosis posible Hook osteophytes heads of metacarpals, 2 and 3 predom. scaphlunate advanced collapse common Other joints less common, but will also be symmetric |
| Differential of hypodense wedge lesion in kidney | Acute renal infarction Trauma Embolism Cardiac I atrogenic (catheters) Arterial thrombosis Vasculitis Acute renal vein thrombosis Pyelonephritis Renal tuberculosis |
| Hypernoma | Rare, benign tumor of brown fat which is indistinguishable from liposarcoma on imaging Follows fat signal on MRI and density on CT, BUT unlike lipoma there is enhancement due to metabolic activity. Also high activity on FDG-PET. Slow growing. Highly vascular |
| Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma | Most common soft tissue sarcoma of older adults. Contains both fibroblastlike and histiocytelike cells in varying proportions. Distant metastasis most commonly occurs to the lung (90%), bone (8%), and liver (1%). Peak incidence in the fifth and sixth decades, but an age range of 10-90 years. Most commonly in the extremities (70-75%, with lower extremities accounting for 59% of cases), followed by the retroperitoneum. Arises in deep fascia or skeletal muscle. Most common clinical presentation is an enlarging painless soft-tissue mass in the thigh, typically 5-10 cm in diameter. Two thirds of tumors are intramuscular. Associations to associated with hematopoietic diseases such as non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and malignant histiocytosis. Retroperitoneal MFH usually presents with constitutional symptoms, including fever, malaise, and weight loss. The tumor is often larger than 10 cm in diameter at presentation and may cause displacement of the bowel, kidney, ureter, and/or bladder. May occur after radiation or shrapnel injury. Muscle density on CT. Can have hypodence regions. Calcification 5-20% any pattern. Also heterotopic bone. Heterogeneous on MRI, T1<T2 Enhances, hypervascular and high uptake of FDG and on MDP and gallium scans. |
| Tibialis Anterior tear | •Characteristic findings of Anterior Tibial Tendon tears include tendon thickening (>5mm) and signal abnormalities of the tendon within 3cm of the distal point of insertion. •Most people have dual insertions of the anterior tibial tendon on the first metatarsal and medial cuneiform. •Patients often present with slight foot drop preceded by a history of pain and swelling over dorsomedial midfoot. •More common scenario is a patient between the ages of 60 and 70 who reports chronic symptoms that accompany swelling at the dorsomedial aspect of the midfoot, possibly in combination with an acute exacerbation of pain. This type of tear is a result of hypoxic or mucoid degeneration •Acute tears of the ATT are very rare, may occur at any age, and are the result of massive trauma associated with fractures or soft-tissue lacerations. |
| Discoid Meniscus | The meniscus is thickened and has lost it's C shape. Likely due to failure to resorb the central tissue. More often lateral. More prone to tears. Look for >13 mm transverse diameter or Shows in more than 3 consective slices. |
| Adamantinoma | • Very rare lucent bubbly expansile bone lesion • Mixed areas of lucency and sclerosis • Most commonly found in the anterior tibial diaphysis (90%). • Often multi-focal with a soft tissue component. •Adamantinomas are malignant (15% at time of diagnosis) • Mainly known for being locally aggressive and recurrent. High T1, low T2, enhances, does not fat suppress. Differential giant cell tumor, fibrous dysplasia (most similar on imaging), simple bone cyst, aneurysmal bone cyst, osteofibrous dysplasia of the tibia, eosinophilic granuloma, infection, chondromyxoid fibroma, and chondrosarcoma. |
| Synovial sarcoma | Sarcoma of mesenchymal origin occurring in para-articular regions of extremities Clinically Slow growing palpable soft tissue mass with progressive pain Metastases in 80% on presentation Size less than 5 cm, young age (15 years or younger) have favorable prognosis Treatment: Surgical resection with wide margins Local recurrence in 20-25%, less with pre-radiation Location: 60% in lower extremity, knee and foot within 5 cm of joint or intra-articular Appearance: Soft tissue mass close to joint Amorphous calcifications: 25-30% Bone invasion: 10-20% Periosteal reaction, invasion of cortex, massive bone destruction rare Juxta-articular osteoporosis CT: avid enhancing MRI: T1: Heterogeneous low signal, septated T2: Heterogeneous high signal US: again, heterogeneous Angio: vascular Differential Soft Tissue Chondrosarcoma Myositis Ossificans Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis (PVNS) Parosteal Osteosarcoma Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma (MFH) |
| PVNS | Proliferation of hemorrhagic synovium Imaging Radiograph: Large effusion ± associated erosions & subchondral cysts MR: large effusion with synovial proliferation, low signal on all sequences & blooms on gradient echo PVNS (intraarticular): 80% occur in knee Knee > ankle > hip > shoulder > elbow Hand & wrist (65-89%): Volar aspect of digits May be focal nodular mass May be diffuse, with villonodular proliferation of entire synovium & in all potential joint recesses Makes large well defined subchondral cysts |
| supraspinatus outlet | Space formed by the acromion, coracoacromial arch, and acromioclavicular joint on the upper rim and the humeral head and glenoid below. Accommodates passage and excursion of the supraspinatus tendon. Abnormalities of the supraspinatus outlet have been identified as a cause of impingement syndrome and rotator cuff tendonitis. |
| Suprospinatus and infraspinatus atrophy | These muscles are more prone to atrophy than farry degeneration. The suprascapular nerve supplies both and is most susceptible to injury in the suprascapular notch. Any pathology there will result in atrophy such as traction, hematoma, mass, irradiation etc. |
| Residual red marrow | Common in proximal femur and humerus Also common at the distal femora especially in adolescents and menstruating women. May be confused with a tumor |
| Brown tumor | No actually a neoplasm. Fibrotic proliferation associated with any cause of severe hyperparathyroidism. Term brown is from brown coloration of gros specimen due to hemorrhagic products in the tissue (from microbleeds). Imaging appearance is variable, from lytic to blastic. Due to fibrous and hemorrhagic makup, hypointense on both T1 and T2 sequences. To diagnose a brown tumor, need to find other evidence of hyperparathyroidism such as subperiosteal resorption, labs etc. Can be mutifocal. Most common locations are facial and hand bones. Can also be in spinous process. Differential: Giant cell tumor can look very similar, but when in spine, usually occurs in the vertebral body, NOT the spinoud process. |
| Bipartite patella | Secondary ossification center results in non-fusion of part of the patella. Most commonly in the upper outer segment (insertion of vastus lateralis) Types: 1- inferior pole (least common, can mimck Sinding-Larsen-Johansson syndrome) 2- lateral margin 3- superolateral Male:female 9:1 Almost half of cases are bilateral. Commonly demonstrates activity on bone scan even when asymptomatic |
| Spinoglenoid notch | The suprascapular nerve passes through this to get from the supraspinous muscle to the infraspinous. Compression of the nerve in this notch would result in atrophy of only the infraspinatus. |
| Quadrilateral space. | Bounded by: above/superior: the Subscapularis and Teres minor. below/inferior: the Teres major medially: the long head of the Triceps brachii laterally: the surgical neck of the humerus The axillary nerve, and the posterior humeral circumflex artery, pass through the quadrilateral space to reach the teres major and deltoid muscles. A mass in this area would result in atrophy of these two muscles. |
| Chondrocalcinosis | Pseudogout Gout Rheumatoid arthritis Hyperparathyroidism Metabolic diseases Hemochromatosis |
| Pubic ramus muscles | Gracilis - anterior medial Obturator externus - at the obturator foramen Adductors - between the first two, Magnus is Medial Obturator internus - on the posterior surface Obturator internus and adductor magnus also partially on the ischial ramus |
| Anterior superior iliac spine important insertions | Sartorius and inguinal ligament |
| Anterior inferior iliac spine important insertions | Straight head of the rectus femoris superiorly Ilio-femoral ligament inferiorly |
| Iliac wing fossa insertion | Iliacus. Lower bowndary is the arcuate line |
| Ischium important insertions | Semimebranosus from upper part Semitendinosus and long head of rectus femoris from lower part Also part of adductor magnus and obturator internus anteriorly. |
| Greater trochanter important insertions | Obturator internus at the very tip Pyriformis just below that Gluteus medius on an oblique ridge on the lateral surface Gluteus minimis at the lower part and Vastus lateral just below that, more on the shaft |
| Lesser trochanter important insertions | The psoas major is the only one |
| Posterior part of femur important insertions | Quadratus femoris on the quadrate tubercle Gluteus maximus Adductors |
| Lateral femoral epicondyle important insertions | Lateral head of gastrocnemius Tendinous insertion of adductor magnus |
| Medial femoral epicondylw important insertions | Medial head of gastrocnemius Popliteus |
| Important tibial insertions | Sartorius anteriorly Semimembranosus on medial condile posteriorly Popliteus on metaphysis posteriorly Flexor digitorum longus shaft posteriorly |
| Lesser tubercle insertion | Subscapularis |
| Intertubercular groove | All the asuctors: Pectoralis major, Teres Major |
| Medial humeral epicondyle insertions | Common origin of flexors: Flexor carpi radialis Apmaris longus Flexor digitorum Flexor carpi ulnaris Pronator teres just above those |
| Lateral humeral epicondyle insertions | Common origin of extensors: Extensor carpi radialis Extensor digitorum Extensor carpi ulnaris Extensor digiti minimi |
| Greater tuberosity insertions | Posterior to anterior Teres minor Infraspinatus Supraspinatus Subscapularis |
| Koracoid process insertions | Has fibers from pectoralis minor short head of biceps brachii coracoclavicular ligament coracoacromial ligament coracohumeral ligament etc. |
| Humerus shaft insertions | Brachialis anteriorly inferior Deltoid on deltoid tubercle |
| Perilunate dislocation | Perilunate dislocation is accompanied by fracture in 75%. It is 2-3 time more common than lunate dislocation. Often associated with scaphoid waist fracture because a scaphopid waist fracture is often associated with disruption of the radioscaphocapitate ligament. Scaphocapitate syndrome = transscaphoid perilunate fracture dislocation with a transcapitate fracture. |
| Lunate fracture | Often associated with Kienbochs osteomalacia |
| Freiberg disease | avascular necrosis of the metatarsal head (usually 2nd, but 3rd or 4th can also be involved) Usual patient is young female with unfusued growth plates. Predisposition when 2nd metatarsal is longer than 1st (which is actually the majority) and women who frequently wear high heals. 10% bilateral. This thing is a relative of all the other avascular necroses including femoral and humeral head, Kienochs (lunate) and Kohler (tarsal navicular). Like all the others is an evolvling process often presenting initially with vague pain in the affected region but normal radiographs, progressing to eventual collapse of the epiphysis and sclerosis. Leads to severe early DJD later in life. Like the others nuclear scintigraphy and MRI have findings earlier than radiographs (edema, tracer takeup). Early on, area may actually be photopenic on nucs studies because the area is avascular and the tracer cant get there. For that reason delayed images are important. Also pinhole is preferred method as it increases resolution and can provide magnification. Some cases resolve spontaneously (minority). Conservative therapy works (decreased weight bearing, orthotics to relieve pressure). However most present late in disease and require surgery. |
| Contents of carpal tunnel | Tendons of flexor digitorum profundus and superficialis Tendon on flexr carpi radialis tendon of flexor hallucis longus Median nerve |
| Contents of tarsal canal | posterior Tibial tendon flexor Digitorum longus Artery-posterior tibial Nerve-posterior tibial nerve flexor Hallucis longus |
| nerve injured in clavicle fracture | Axillary nerve Located anterior Cutaneous branch innervates skin over scapula-injury results in pain over this area. |
| Kümmell's disease | delayed post-traumatic collapse of a vertebral body. Disk space is preserved |
| Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis | CRMO most common nonneoplastic process involving the clavicle in patients less than 20 years of age. Female predominance Thought to have autoimmunie mechanism-associated with psoriasis and IBD Likes women, tubular bones and clavicles, more in metaphyses, more in lower extremities. Tubular bone lesions can heal well. Clavicles ones can presist for years and can cause thoracic outlet obstruction. Clinically insidious onset of pain and swelling, can last for years. Self limiting, but anti-inflammatories help. |
First Time Here?
Welcome to Quizlet, a fun, free place to study. Try these flashcards, find others to study, or make your own.