unit 3
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93 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 culture | collection of beliefs, values, social norms, and material things that make a group distinct |
| habit | repetitive act that an individual performs |
| custom | repetitive act of a group that becomes a characteristic of the group |
| material culture | a collection of social customs |
| folk culture | small, homogeneous, rural |
| popular culture | large, heterogeneous, urban |
| built environments | taking elements from the environment into its culture to construct landscapes that modify nature |
| disappearance of folk culture | reduce local diversity and intellectual stimulation |
| dominance of popular culture | threatens environment (doesnt use natural elements and focuses on global values instead of physical conditions) |
| relocation | folk culture diffusion |
| hierarchical, contagious | popular culture diffusion |
| taboo | a restriction on behavior imposed by social customs |
| franchise | company's agreement with businesspeople in a local area to market the company's product |
| acculturation | group undergoes modifications in its by adopting some characteristics of another group |
| adaptive strategy | how people adjust to a new culture |
| assimilation | complete integration of a minority culture group into a mainstream society |
| cultural adaptation | humans can adapt/change to environmental demands |
| cultural complex | collection of cultural traits |
| cultural trait | a single attribute of a culture |
| cultural region | an area in which a group of people share a similar culture and language |
| symbolic, despair, power, leisure, elitist, shadow | landscape types |
| symbolic landscape | instantly recognizable, stands for entire city/country; paris |
| power landscape | designed to intimidate, convey strength; WA DC |
| despair landscape | convey sense of loss, depression; slums |
| leisure landscapes | found in popular cultures; theme parks, golf courses |
| elitist landscape | indicate wealth, social status; country clubs, Beverly Hills |
| shadow landscapes | scenes of tragic events/violence; memorials |
| maladaptive diffusion | negative side effects; what works well in one region may not in another |
| microcredit | loans of small amounts; help alleviate female poverty |
| multiculturalism | many cultures mixing together in a concentrated area |
| preadaptation | when migrating groups seek familiar environments; precondition for success |
| transculturation | A near equal exchange of culture traits or customs. "two-way street" |
| mechanist view of nature | human domination over nature |
| organic view of nature | harmony with nature |
| British Received Pronunciation | the dialect of english associated with upper class britions living in the London area and now considered standard in the UK |
| family - branch group | language order |
| creole (creolized language) | mix of colonizers' language and the indegenous peoples' language |
| dialect | the usage or vocabulary that is characteristic of a specific group of people |
| ebonics | a nonstandard form of American English spoken by some Black people in the United States |
| lingua franca | language of international communication |
| extinct language | once spoken, no longer used; gothic |
| literary tradition | system of written communication |
| franglais | example of language integration; combination of english and french |
| official language | The language used by the government for business and documents. |
| ideograms | represents ideas; not pronunciations |
| pidgin language | When parts of two or more languages are combined in a simplified structure and vocabulary. |
| isogloss | word-usage boundary |
| spanglish | a combination of spanish and english |
| ethnicity | people of a common ancestry, and same cultural traditions |
| amalgamation theory | "melting pot" concept of the merging ethnic groups into mainstream America |
| cultural linkage | identification with other ethnic groups |
| cultural revival | promoting cultural diversity (ethnic newspapers, language usage) |
| devolution | breakdown/demand for power by unrecognized minority groups |
| ethnocentrism | evaluating other groups against own standards; implies superiority, promotes separation |
| isolated language | A language unrelated to other languages and not attached to any language family. |
| standard language | language used for business, education, communications; widely recognized |
| language | system of communications through speech; collection of sounds |
| vulgar latin | "the masses" spoken form learned by the people |
| animism | religion that believes inanimate objects have spirits |
| hierarchical religion | has well-defined geographic structure, organizes territory into local units |
| autonomous religion | self-sufficient, less interaction between believers |
| missionary | a person who spreads his or her religious beliefs to others |
| religion - branch - denomination / sect | order of religion |
| monotheism | belief in a single God |
| caste | a hereditary social class among Hindus (untouchables) |
| pagan | not acknowledging the God of Christianity and Judaism and Islam |
| cosmogony | religious beliefs that concern origin of universe |
| pilgrimage | A journey to a sacred place for religious purposes. |
| denomination | unites local congregations |
| sect | broke away from denomination |
| polytheism | belief in multiple Gods |
| diocese | the territorial jurisdiction of a bishop; basic unit of geographic organization in the Catholic |
| ethnic religion | religion identified with a particular ethnic group; does not seek new converts |
| solstice | point or time at which the sun is farthest from the equator |
| fundamentalism | literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion |
| universalizing religion | A religion that appeals to all people, want converts |
| ghetto | city neighborhood of Jews |
| apartheid | physical separation of different races into different areas; created by Dutch "Boers/Afrikaners" |
| nationalism | loyalty and devotion to a nationality |
| balkanization | Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities |
| nationality | when one shares legal attachment and allegiance to a country |
| balkanized | small area, unstable state, antagonism between ethnicities |
| nation-state | A country who's population share ethnicity/nationality |
| blockbusting | real estate agents convince whites to sell homes at low price, then sell house to blacks at high price |
| race | people from same biological ancestor, genetic |
| centripetal force | attitude that unifies people |
| centrifugal force | Forces that tend to divide a country. |
| self-determination | ethnicities govern themselves |
| sharecropper | a person who worked a farm in exchange for a share of the crop |
| ethnic cleansing | process in which a powerful group forcibly removes a lesser ethnic group; want homogeneous region |
| triangular slave trade | European ships transport slaves from Africa to Caribbean islands, molasses from Caribbean to Europe, and trade goods from Europe to Africa. |
| multi-ethnic state | A state that contains more than one ethnicity |
| multinational state | state with multiple ethnic groups that recognize each other as distinct nationalities |
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